World Health Organization Conflict of Interest

The Conflict’s Background data The response and rules of WHO (World Health Organization) with respect to the flu pandemic, have not been affected on inappropriately, most definitely. WHO was profoundly worried about the contention of interest’ allegations. Besides, the association is mollified with its freedom in the pandemic’s choice making.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on World Health Organization Conflict of Interest explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More WHO was blamed for creating pandemics which were not veritable, with the expectation of drawing in monetary increase. The contention was regulated in light of the fact that the on-screen characters clung to a specific example of rules, had a predictable conduct, and their relationship proceeded subsequent to understanding the issue. These charges came about to clashes inside the association. Subsequently, the different divisions needed to get in real life and evaluate th e pandemic. Research center investigations were led, and clinical and epidemiological data acquired from Canada, US, and Mexico. At first, the reports acquired didn't show a pandemic. The offices needed to work connected at the hip in the evaluation of the pandemic. Afterward, diseases with flu were clear in one hundred and twenty countries. This demonstrated the pandemic was genuine. The allegation that WHO was faking pandemics to pick up funds was proclaimed reckless and wrong. Thus, WHO plugged how it uses warning bodies in light of the flu pandemic. The contention at WHO didn't have highlights of contention of qualities. All the divisions were centered around explaining the bind, for the association. The different offices didn't battle about belief systems and qualities. Taking into account that all the offices were devoted for a typical and favored objective, they maintained their concentration and didn't encounter an objective clash. As I would see it, the hierarchical clash a t WHO was not a nonrealistic versus sensible clash. Investigation of the Problem and Justification Conflicts are grouped relying upon the variables that lead to their beginning. There are a few reasons for clashes. Utilizing this basis to characterize clashes prompts a superior perception of their suggestions and nature. The contention at WHO is normal for a retributive clash. The offices at WHO settled on a draw-out technique, so as to refute the adversaries. The contention is additionally normal for a misattributed strife, where WHO was blamed for faking the pandemic to increase monetary advantages. During the contention, the clashing gatherings were dependable, and didn't immediate their complaints to social elements. The divisions inside the association played their jobs acutely in building up whether the pandemic was genuine. While fathoming the contention, WHO never arrived at a point where the department’s feelings and emotions were incompatible.Advertising Looking for paper on wellbeing medication? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the highlights of meaningful clash were distinguished in the WHO case. The different offices cooperated with a shared objective, and didn't contend over their job. The WHO hierarchical clash had no highlights of irreconcilable situation. The accessible assets were totally devoted to setting up whether the charges against the association were certified. Four Levels Explaining the Conflict Best There are different degrees of contention investigation. The four levels that clarify the contention at WHO better are retributive, misattributed , relational, association, and network struggle. The different offices needed to work constrained to set up whether there was flu pandemic. The people group was in danger and, consequently, its association was basic. At long last, the association was in danger. Its picture would be discolored in the event that it didn't re fute the informers were. In the light of this conversation, it is recommendable that associations ought to join when confronted with difficulties, which forestalls division. This article on World Health Organization Conflict of Interest was composed and put together by client All1e to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Newsletter and Financial Statements for Review- myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theNewsletter and Financial Statements for Accounting Review. Answer: The bookkeeping standard of AASB 101 comprises of the guidelines and guideline for the planning and introduction of universally useful budget summaries so as to be guaranteed that they are practically identical with the current years and earlier years fiscal reports of different organizations. Likewise, it gives the structure and rules to least prerequisite of the organizations (Hodgson Russell, 2014). If there should be an occurrence of Blake Ltd, it very well may be seen that the organization follows a solitary articulation for benefit and misfortune and far reaching salary explanation. It very well may be seen that the embraced articulation of money related position flopped in the order of the benefits as non-current and current resources. Same perspective can be seen for obligation area as the bookkeeper has not recognized into current and non-current liabilities. Hence, it is required for Blake Ltd to introduce the benefits and liabilities independently for more prominent comprehension. Hence, the organization is required to conform to the standard of AASB 101, Paragraph 66 to 76 so as to introduce the benefits and liabilities in current and non-current resources and liabilities. Moreover, they have to adhere to the gauges of AASB 110 for the bookkeeping treatment of money and money proportionate (Mayorga Sidhu, 2012). The grouping of crude materials, work-in-progress under stock and others should be done as current resources as these are utilized for the way toward assembling. Same as the abovementioned, things like arrangement for guarantee, creditor liabilities, admissible for far fetched obligations and yearly leave arrangement should be delegated ebb and flow liabilities as every one of these angles are the risk of Blake Ltd produced at the hour of fixing or substitution of merchandise (AASB, 2014). Also, there is an off-base order of an exchange identified with gathered devaluation of property, plant and hardware under the obligation side. Therefore, the bookkeeper needs to address it by recording it in the advantage side. The constant expanding credit equalization of amassed devaluation will be refried as contra resource account. Along these lines, the bookkeeper needs to credit the measure of aggregated devaluation as opposed to property, plant and hardware account in a critical position sheet toward the year's end as will help in the simple announcing of both the expense of property, plant and gear and the measure of gathered deterioration worth $55,000 (Mayorga Sidhu, 2012). Aside from this, it should be referenced that the installment of profits has been wrongly recorded in the salary explanation of the organization. It ought not be done as profit installment isn't use. Along these lines, it should be recorded in the announcement of progress in investors value. In addition, the arrangement of money cost should be done as costs and should be considered before the computation of benefit before charge. As per AASB 101, Paragraph 85, Blake Ltd is required to introduce the line of things in the benefit and misfortune explanation after accommodate with the subtotal. With the parts of these change, the clients of monetary data will get more noteworthy comprehension about the budget reports of Blake Ltd (AASB, 2014). References AASB, C. A. S. (2014). Money related Instruments.Project Summary. Hodgson, A., Russell, M. (2014). Appreciating far reaching income.Australian Accounting Review,24(2), 100-110. IFRS . (2018). Ifrs.org. Recovered 7 April 2018, fromhttps://www.ifrs.org/news-and-occasions/2017/10/universal bookkeeping measures board-issues-tight extension alterations to-ifrs-9-and-ias-28/ Mayorga, D. M., Sidhu, B. K. (2012). Corporate exposures of the significant wellsprings of estimation uncertainties.Australian Accounting Review,22(1), 25-39. News . (2018). Aasb.gov.au. Recovered 7 April 2018, fromhttps://www.aasb.gov.au/News/New-Australian-Accounting-Standards?newsID=263134 News . (2018). Aasb.gov.au. Recovered 7 April 2018, fromhttps://www.aasb.gov.au/News/Have-your-state - AASB-Draft-Guidance-on-the-Tax-Transparency-Code - remarks due-soon?newsID=263138 News . (2018). Aasb.gov.au. Recovered 7 April 2018, fromhttps://www.aasb.gov.au/News/Webinar- - The-Australian-Financial-Reporting-Framework-for-Charities?newsID=263139 News . (2018). Aasb.gov.au. Recovered 7 April 2018, fromhttps://www.aasb.gov.au/News.aspx News . (2018). Aasb.gov.au. Recovered 7 April 2018, fromhttps://www.aasb.gov.au/News/New-Australian-Accounting-Standard?newsID=263140

Feminist Literary Criticism and Lysistrata Essay -- Literary Analysis,

Traditionally, ladies dramatists are totally missing. There were practically no ladies authors at all up until at any rate the seventeenth century. This reality initially drove women's activist pundits to ignore the old style time frame. In an article titled â€Å"Classical Drag: The Greek Creation of Female Parts,† Sue Ellen Case expresses that on the grounds that â€Å"traditional grant has concentrated on proof identified with composed writings, the nonappearance of ladies dramatists got key to early women's activist investigations† (132). Notwithstanding this nonappearance of female scholars, women's activist pundits dissect the job of ladies in old Greece in different ways. As of late, women's activist essayists have had the option to dig further into the old style time frame by looking at female characters from crafted by male writers. The development of ladies in male writing is critical. Diminish Barry, in his part on women's activist scholarly analysis in his book Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory, states that watching the female characters in works by men is significant in light of the fact that it gives â€Å"role models which demonstrated to ladies, and men, what comprised worthy adaptation of the ‘feminine’ and genuine ladylike objectives and aspirations† (122). Investigating the jobs of the ladies inside the works encourages us decide the sort of job ladies and men involve corresponding to one another notwithstanding the individual attributes of the ladies. This understanding into the relations among people includes another layer of information for women's activist pundits. The delineation of ladies by ladies essayists varies extraordinarily from the portrayal of ladies by male authors. Ladies, as spoke to by men, speak to generalizations of genuine ladies. That is, â€Å"the women's activist pundit may expect that the pictures of... ...ial and social proof of the job of ladies in old Greece. In spite of the way that he is to be sure a man, Aristophanes works admirably catching certain parts of his female characters: their drive to succeed, their common flirtatiousness, the general want to end war strategically, and their passionate bondage to the divine beings. Aristophanes likewise has a solid handle of the social circumstance of ladies in his time. For instance, he knows where the line of defiance would be drawn: if the spouses constrained the wives into engaging in sexual relations, they should yield. He knows how the eventually concede to their husbands’ judgment, especially in political issues. In conclusion, he realizes that their interests are primarily household. Be that as it may, he for the most part misconstrues or distorts numerous parts of the female character. The women's activist scholarly pundit would rush to call attention to these errors.

Learning outcomes for the 1st year of the diploma in Humanistic Counselling The WritePass Journal

Learning results for the first year of the recognition in Humanistic Counseling References Learning results for the first year of the recognition in Humanistic Counseling ). It in this manner doesn't manage perceptions of outer conduct which is the area of the behaviorist methodology, yet makes a few derivations about what it must resemble in the inward universes of various individuals. There is some cover with the humanist methodology in that the methodology is as a rule to get the person to detailed however much as could reasonably be expected on their individual point of view. Phenomenology acknowledges the inborn contrasts that exist between various peoples’ inner portrayals of the world which is a supposition imparted to the humanistic methodology. The inward world is made out of peoples’ considerations, emotions and practices, and the world and encounters that originate from it are deciphered through the edge of reference characterized as an individual internal scene. The edge of reference is hard to isolate from the self-idea, is responded to instinctively, and it is regularly accepted that others have comparable casings of refere nce to our own. Moreover, quite a bit of a person’s inward scene can emerge out of someone else, with the previous individual being just unwittingly mindful of it (Sutton and Stewart, 2008; Lapworth and Sills, 2011). The casing of reference for an individual is made out of implications, social impacts, convictions and qualities, recollections, practices, encounters, sensations, discernments, sentiments contemplations and feelings (Sutton and Stewart, 2008). In the humanistic methodology, the individual is viewed as a dynamic, ‘fluid’ substance who has a wide range of urges, inclinations and qualities which change with time and are in a condition of transition yet at any one specific second it is seen as a brought together objective coordinated whole(Rogers, 1952; Rogers, 2008). This is closely resembling the idea of the casing of reference since it is viewed as something dynamic and controlled by numerous components. The edge of reference likewise profoundly affects how encounters are deciphered (Mearns and Thorne, 1988). Since everybody’s edge of reference is diverse it is absurd to endeavor to decipher something like this remotely, particularly on the grounds that the advisor themselves are dependent upon a similar impact from their own casing of reference. Along these lines, the training in humanistic and gestalt treatment is ordinarily to ‘bracket’ out their own contemplations and sentiments as they happen and endeavor to perceive their own suppositions and previously established inclinations (Lapworth and Sills, 2010; Joyce and Sills, 2014). This is the most ideal method since the total detachment from one’s own edge of reference is a close to incomprehensible assignment. Without understanding a client’s individual edge of reference it is incredibly hard to completely comprehend what they mean when they convey their considerations and sentiments because of the individual implications their interchanges will have for them as they are deciphered through their own c asing of reference, similar to a code with a figure. Evening out is another significant expertise by and by (Green, 1998; Green, 2010). This is the act of seeing everything that is imparted by the customer as being similarly significant, when typically the therapist’s casing of reference would cause certain things to appear to be progressively unmistakable. This is a significant strategy since this supposition may not hold when a similar data is deciphered with the client’s casing of reference. 6. To show a wide information on appraisal issues and the significance of working understandings Evaluation issues in humanistic directing ought to be considered at whatever point another customer is taken on, and furthermore during meetings for current customers. They are significant realities and discussions which influence how the directing experience will be seen and what its effect will be for the person. Without fitting thought of these issues, directing could transform into a foolish undertaking, inhumane toward the potential impacts it could have on customers. Along these lines, certain norms are set, and it is essential for advisors to know about the discussions and the manner in which individuals shift so as to guarantee that hurtful impacts don't come upon the customer (Dryden, 1989). The issues in guiding can be extensively refreshing from a humanistic point of view since it incorporates as focal viewpoints any aspect of life which might be seen as significant by the customer, and in this manner assesses the client’s position on a wide assortment of measuremen ts (Rowan, 1998). The appraisal issues allude to potential issues with how the advisor saw and surveys the customer; the issues which may inclination this judgment and lead to wrong directing. All in all terms there are moral issues which allude to anything applicable to the security of customers. These are obviously significant on the grounds that at the beginning and during the way toward directing in light of the fact that over all it is fundamental not to cause increasingly mental harm. There are likewise diverse issues in guiding which cause to notice the social setting in which customer and specialist exist (D’Ardenne and Mahtani, 1999). These issues without a doubt influence how customers ought to be evaluated in guiding, on the grounds that the social setting largy affects the significance credited to various practices. A similar conduct may likewise be deciphered diversely across social settings. Explicit diverse issues respect differential degrees of proportionality, non-verbal correspondence, desires and convictions, customer instructor likenesses, test inclination and reaction styles (Lonner, 1985). Comparability in this setting alludes to the distinctio ns in accentuation which individuals in various social settings place on various articles in their edges of reference; which items are characterized as relevant or unrelated and which ones are the ‘figures’ in the frontal area having a spot of unmistakable quality in their encounters (Rogers, 1952). The importance and significance of non-verbal motions is probably going to be distinctive across societies, and the social setting may likewise influence the desires the customer holds about the reason and potential results of treatment. Customer guide similitudes allude to potential issues with the translation of customer interchanges considering social (or without a doubt individual) likenesses or contrasts among customer and advisor (Rowan, 1998). At last, test inclination and reaction styles; if tests or psychometric appraisals are utilized as a major aspect of the evaluation procedure then the outcomes may just be substantial in the social setting in which they were created in view of contrasting reaction styles, social standards and information bases between societies (Dryden, 1989). There are additionally issues with the medium that the advising relationship is imparted on. For instance, web directing is progressively well known as of late, yet look into proposes that it may not be the best instrument for building up the guiding relationship, especially because of the loss of verbal correspondence (Robson and Robson, 2000). Apparently there is something lost in correspondence on account of web guiding, maybe it basically feels less close to home to the individuals who use it, particularly since they can't communicate in their own special voice. Clearly tone is additionally lost when imparting over the web making it significantly increasingly hazardous. Proficient issues in directing which allude for the most part to the issues influencing the customer advisor relationship emerging from how the specialist sees the relationship and their vocation (Fretz and Simon, 1992). Traps of the client’s and the therapist’s edges of reference can result in non-helpful results. It is in this manner significant that the specialist keeps up proficient norms and perspectives the relationship in an expert limit while adjusting the need to show up warm and real to make a restorative domain. There may likewise be otherworldly issues which emerge during directing. It must be set up what job otherworldliness and religion plays in a client’s life, and whether they feel it is fitting and relevant for conversation (Rose, Westefeld and Ansley, 2008). The nearness of otherworldliness in a person’s life might be a key variable in deciding their perspective and edge of reference, if so then disregarding it could be grievous. Working understandings in the directing relationship are significant for remedial advancement and change since they permit the customer the space and apparatuses to investigate their idea of self completely and transparently. They help to characterize the setting in which the communications among specialist and customer happen. Working understandings serve to accommodate the issues among specialist and customer which become obvious over the span of advising at any rate briefly with the end goal of the guiding meetings (Clarkson and MacKewn, 1993). A portion of the potential issues have been plots above. These understandings accordingly take into consideration the steady structure of the remedial relationship, and for the foundation of restorative exchange. 7. To prove a consciousness of the complexities and effect of issues of intensity on the directing relationship The idea of intensity is identified with the juxtaposition of the customer corresponding to the advisor. It relates to the respect wherein the customer holds the advisor and the situation in the life of the customer that is credited to the specialist. The level of capacity to which the customer allocates the advisor in their own casing of reference assumes a huge job in deciding how their associations are deciphered and what significance is at last detracted from directing (Green, 2010). In humanistic advising, the relationship is indispensably significant in building up a domain helpful for positive change. The necessary relationship

Literary Criticism of The First Confession essays

Abstract Criticism of The First Confession articles Abstract Criticism of The First Confession Each individual has their own view on circumstances that happen in their consistently life. In a grown-ups eyes a circumstance may be a minor issue, anyway in a childs eyes the issue may be the most serious issue of their life. The most concerning issue they have confronted. In Frank OConnors short story The First Confession the perspective is a significant harmony in the improvement of this story. In the start of the paper the peruser can feel the childs affections for his grandma. By portraying her as an old nation lady unsuited for town life shows he feels she doesn't fit in with the remainder of the family. In his eyes his grandma and the remainder of the ladies throughout his life come out to be the adversary. As a kid ladies were his specialist of fear.(Critical Survey of Short Stories). Each lady in his life was the reason for the entirety of his difficulties. In any case, before the finish of the story we see him comprehend for what reason and why he feels the manner in which he does. At the point when he gets more established he will see the ladies, for example, his grandma and Mrs. Ryan were not there to hurt him yet to support him. Another way OConnor made this short story intriguing is by making the kid the storyteller. At the point when the offspring of any story is the storyteller the peruser sees and thinks about this he would have never imaged if the storyteller was more seasoned. On the off chance that he would have utilize the sister Nora as the storyteller the story would be totally extraordinary. Nora would not be the mean one. Rather the peruser would hear how shocking and awful her younger sibling truly is. Utilizing the youngster as the storyteller it makes a murmur feeling through the paper.(Short Story Criticism) If the insane woman Mrs. Nora would have arrogated this piece the short story would have been awesome with catholic proclamations and realities. The minister would have been a fascinating individual to get notification from when he sees a kid roosted on the... <!

How Parroting Is Used in Therapy

How Parroting Is Used in Therapy Phobias Treatment Print How Parroting Is Used in Therapy An Effective Conversational Technique By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on February 04, 2020 GARO / PHANIE / Getty Images More in Phobias Treatment Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Types Parroting is a conversational technique that can be quite effective in therapy. The therapist loosely repeats what the client has just said. The twin goals of this technique are ensuring that the therapist heard what was said correctly, and encouraging the client to further clarify his or her thoughts. Effective Use When parroting, it is important not to go too far. It is much better to repeat only the last few words than to attempt to repeat several sentences. Additionally, repetitive parroting can become annoying. It can also make the client feel nervous or edgy. When used properly, parroting can help encourage the client to talk through all sides of an issue and come to their own logical conclusion. Part of Talk Therapy Parroting is used in talk therapy, also known as psychotherapy. Talk Therapy is based on the core idea that talking about the things that are bothering you can help clarify them and put them in perspective. Some talk therapists follow a specific school of thought, such as cognitive theory or behaviorism. Others use a more eclectic approach, drawing techniques, and principles from several different theories. Find Help With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Goals of Therapy Anyone seeking therapy should have goals in mind. If youre a phobia sufferer, your goal likely is to be freed of your irrational fears. Other goals of therapy are: Learn to deal with the disorder. The ultimate goal of any type of therapy is to help the client deal more successfully with a disorder or a situation.Make goals specific. The specific treatment goals depend on the individual client, the therapist’s theories and the situation at hand. The goal may be concrete, such as quitting smoking, or more abstract, such as anger management.Overcome and manage fear. When talk therapy is used for phobia treatment, there are generally two goals. One is to help the client overcome fear. The second goal is to help the client learn to manage any remaining fear so that he or she is able to live a normal, functional life.Resolve underlying issues: Some forms of talk therapy have a third goal. In psychoanalysis and related therapies, the goal is to discover and resolve the underlying conflict that caused the phobia or other disorder. In interpersonal therapies, the goal is to resolve problems in interpersonal relationships that have resulted from or con tributed to the phobia or other disorders.

What Goes Around Comes Around - Free Essay Example

â€Å"What goes around comes around† (PRAISE OF THE PROVERB/ AUTHOR): The proverb â€Å"What goes around comes around†, also known as karma has a powerful effect on the human race. Whatever you say, good or bad will eventually come back to you in a a positive or negative way in the future. This proverb has been around for centuries before our parents, their parents, and our great, great grandparents where ever even know. This saying has become popular because many of the wise live by these words and truly understand the power that our actions have on our future. PARAPHARSE AND EXPLANANTION): We can’t help but think the way we do sometimes but, the way we act towards a situation we have a certain type of control over. Depending if we act in a positive or negative way from our thoughts if our future is good or bad. (PROOF): Treat others the way you want to be treated. If you do something that you shouldn’t be doing its going to come back to you. People usually understand the proverb because they at one time or another have experienced the consequences of their actions as karma. EXAMPLE): An example of â€Å"What goes around comes around† in a positive way . Such as when others help is needed. There once was an old lady who went on vacation and got a flat tire. It was dark and cold, suddenly a guy in torn, dirty clothes came to her aid. He changed the tire that got flat. She offered to pay him any amount of money he wanted for coming to her rescue. He declined her offer and simply said what you can do for me in exchange is do good for others and help them like I’ve helped you, smile and think for me. She stops at a cafe almost home from her vacation. She sees that her waitress is pregnant she lives her what’s left of a hundred dollar in addition to four more hundred dollars as her tip. Later that night the waitress goes home in bed with her husband who just happens to be the same gentleman that’s helped the lady with the flat tire. (TESTIMONY): Nowadays there a many sayings and quotes based on the truths of this proverb. Such as in Newton’s law, â€Å"every action has an equal and opposite reaction† or as the Europeans use to say, â€Å"If you dig a pit for someone you’ll fall in yourself†, both explaining the same meaning of â€Å"what goes around comes around†. EPILOGUE): Now that we know all about making are conscious aware of our actions and the consequences that will happen from the choices that we make we should help those in need with a positive attitude and outlook. Audience: Those who do good for others and those who are selfish. Argument: â€Å"What goes around comes aro und† relates to all three types of argument but the main argument in my proverb is the ethical approach. Do you think that this is right or not. Evidence: When people experience the consequences of their good or bad actions in the future.

Agents of Socialization Essay 2 - 1461 Words

Agents of Socialization: An agent of socialization is an individual or institution tasked with the replication of the Social Order. An agent of socialization is responsible for transferring the rules, expectations, norms, values, and folkways of a given social order. In advanced capitalist society, the principle agents of socialization include the family, the media, the school system, religious and spiritual institutions, and peer groups. Specific sites or groups carry out socialization. We call these agents of socialization. Similar to the concept of a business agent or insurance agent, they represent and act on the behalf of the larger society and. Socialization can occur outside of these agents but society relies on these agents†¦show more content†¦Media influence continues and strengthens in adolescence based on a merger of teen subculture, pop culture (music movies), and corporate marketing. Sports, increasingly a branch of marketing, become especially influential for teenage boys. The internet (web pages, e-mail, chat rooms) have emerged as another media source important to teens, again especially boys The power of the media declines in adult years but still remains strong. Pop culture continues strong but loses its subculture support. Sports and the internet continue as agents of socialization, especially for males. News (both TV and print) emerge as new agent of socialization in the adult years. Peer Groups : Peers are people of roughly the same age (same stage of development and maturity), similar social identity, and close social proximity. Theyre friends, buddies, pals, troops, etc. Typically, children encounter peer group influence around age three or so. Usually these are neighbors, family members, or day care mates. With peers, the child begins to broaden his or her circle of influence to people outside of the immediate family. Often peer interaction in the earliest years is closely supervised by parents so it tends to parallel and reinforce what is learned in the family. What is added to socialization, even in these closely supervised situations, are social skills in group situation with social equals. Before this time children basically dealtShow MoreRelatedSocialisation After Adolescence Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesEssay Summary 1) Adult socialization is a time of learning new roles and statuses. 2) Peer Groups are strong socializing agents for adolescents who are still trying to find their own identity. 3) Radio, television, cinema, newspapers, magazines, music, and the Internet are powerful agents of socialization. 4) The state almost shapes our life cycle. 5) School plays a major role in socializing adolescents. 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Critique of Existing Order- discuss problemsRead MoreMean World1027 Words   |  5 Pagesand a fear-driven propensity for hard-line political solutions to social problems. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the impact of television and media violence, as well as the human cost of violent media, and the overall effects on society from watching TV. The agents of socialization (family, peer group, schools, and mass media) have a profound impact on limiting our choices. Socialization is a lifelong process by which individuals develop their potential and learn culture as they age, fitting

The Optimum Cultivation and Establishment Methods for Growing Oilseed Rape In a Various Soil Conditions within the UK Free Essay Example, 5250 words

This paper illustrates that the oilseed rape is not only popular in the U. K. as U. K. is not even one of the highest producers of the plant in the world. Currently, the European Union, Canada, India, China, and France have all produced oilseed rape in higher volumes than the U. K. This may perhaps be a reason that not all agricultural researchers back and support the level of funding that is given to the oilseed rape in the U. K. This notwithstanding, it is common knowledge that the crop has been an important crop that cannot be eliminated from the count of U. K s major crop productions. In the opinion of Soeparjono, the problem that the U. K. has exhibited over the years about the oilseed rape is the approach to getting more yield. This is because not much has been done in terms of basic cultivation research that will lead to the understanding of basic cultivation and establishment methods that will ensure increased production. Most of the time, the attention of institutions and r esearchers have been on laboratory-based researchers that will ensure increased yield through unconventional means such as artificial insemination and other crop mutilation techniques. We will write a custom essay sample on The Optimum Cultivation and Establishment Methods for Growing Oilseed Rape In a Various Soil Conditions within the UK or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Meanwhile, there are examples from countries like India who have 13% of its cropped land grown with oilseed rape that very common conventional farming practices can actually be the solution to the search in the U. K. for higher yield of the oilseed rape crop. As it is now, even though the U. K has seen a rise in production level comparing current levels to precious levels like 1965, there has not been a very steady and consistent growth trend. The soil conditions within the U. K are very important determinants in the approach to focusing on conventional strategies to increase the yield of oilseed rape in the country. But to do this effectively, there are various cultivation strategies that must be considered with respect to the U. K. soil condition.

60-Second Game of Fairy Tale Improv

For a good exercise in impromptu storytelling, try performing a well-known fairy tale in one minute flat. Drama classes and acting troupes alike can use the â€Å"60 Second Fairy Tale† to sharpen improvisational skills. Its also a great game for families and kids. How to Play Your cast size should be at least three people. (Four or five would be ideal.) One person serves as the Moderator, a person who interacts with the audience and plays the narrator, if necessary. The rest of the cast are the fairy tale performers. The Moderator asks the audience for fairy tale suggestions. Hopefully, the audience will shout out some great choices: Snow WhiteRapunzelThe Little MermaidHansel and GretelSleeping BeautyLittle Red Riding Hood Then, the Moderator selects a story everyone in the cast knows quite well. Remember, narratives such as â€Å"Cinderella† and â€Å"The Ugly Duckling† are more preferable— and more performable— than obscure fairy tales from ancient Babylonia. The Performance Begins Once the story has been chosen, the 60 second show can start. To keep the storyline fresh in the mind of the performers, the Moderator should quickly recap the key events of the story. Here’s an example: MODERATOR: â€Å"Okay, great, I heard someone suggest â€Å"The Three Little Pigs.† This is the one where three brother pigs each go about building their new homes, one with straw, the other with sticks, and the third with brick. A big bad wolf proceeds to demolish the first two houses, but can’t destroy the third. Now, let’s see this famous fairy tale performed for us in 60 seconds! Action!† Then the performers begin to act out the story. Even though they are trying to complete the entire tale in a very short amount of time, they should still create funny, interesting characters. They should also establish setting and conflict. Whenever the cast members slow things down, the Moderator can prompt them by narrating a new event, or simply by reading from a stopwatch. Nothing moves a scene along like calling out, â€Å"Twenty seconds left!† Variations Although the fast-paced nature of this game is very entertaining, there’s no harm in trying a â€Å"slower† five minute version. That way, actors can take their time and develop more character interactions and hilarious moments. Also, if the well of popular fairy tales runs dry, feel free to try out some of these Aesop fables: Tortoise and the HareThe Mouse and the LionThe Fox and the CrowThe Boy who Cried Wolf Or, if the talented acting troupe has a taste for pop-culture, try performing a movie in a minute. See what you can do with films such as: CasablancaStar WarsThe Wizard of OzGreaseGone with the Wind As with any improvisation activity, the goals are simple: have fun, develop characters, and think fast!

Booker T. Washington vs W. E. B DuBois - 821 Words

Michael Borowski Mr. Cleary ELA8H, period 7 11/12/13 Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B Dubois Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Dubois were two famous African American leaders during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were both activists and wanted blacks to have an education; they also wanted to end discrimination towards blacks. These leaders both wrote great speeches which clearly specified what they thought was right for African Americans. Even though Washington and Dubois focused on the same social, political and economic issues, they strongly disagreed on strategies of achieving their goal of equality. The first African American leader that changed America forever was Booker T. Washington. Booker T. was one of America s†¦show more content†¦Dubois and his supporters responded to this speech by establishing the Niagara Movement. Borowski, 3 The Niagara Movement was a group of African-American civil rights activists including W.E.B Dubois; they wrote a speech that demanded for equality and to cease discrimination. The speech claims that asShow MoreRelatedBooker T Washington Vs W. E. B De Dubois Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pagesthing? How can two people that our similar but at the time have different ways of life come together to achieve the same goal?Imagine 30 years after slavery ended you because of the color of your skin are still being mistreated. During the time of Booker and W.E.B the Jim crow law was created to segregate blacks and whites. Because of the segregation blacks had their own society like community only dealing with each other. Blacks were separated from society, they had their own neighborhoods buildingsRead MoreEssay on Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBoise1610 Words   |  7 PagesBooker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBoise Booker T. Washington believed that blacks should not push to attain equal civil and political rights with whites. That it was best to concentrate on improving their economic skills and the quality of their character. The burden of improvement resting squarely on the shoulders of the black man. Eventually they would earn the respect and love of the white man, and civil and political rights would be accrued as a matter of course. This was a very non-threateningRead MoreWeb Du Bois vs. Booker T. Washington: Who Was Right?1711 Words   |  7 PagesBois vs. Booker T. Washington: Who was right? by San Two great leaders of the black community in the late 19th and 20th century were W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington. However, they sharply disagreed on strategies for black social and economic progress. Their opposing philosophies can be found in much of todays discussions over how to end class and racial injustice, what is the role of black leadership, and what do the haves owe the have-nots in the black community. W.E.B. DuBois was bornRead MoreThe Effectiveness of Martin Luther King Jr, as Opposed to Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois and Malcom X2045 Words   |  9 Pagescivil rights movement. All of them had different ideas and approaches to further improve the status for the African American individual in attempt to gain civil equality. The pioneer civil rights leaders of the twentieth century were Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois. Their respected ideas were known to have contradicted with each other. Malcolm X, a black supremacist was a member of the NOI (Nation of Islam) and based his platforms of teachings off from religion. Martin Luther King Jr.’s approachRead MoreMelting Pot6314 Words   |  26 PagesEastern Europe, brought with them cultural patterns which differed greatly from native-born Americans and the northern and western European immigrants who preceded them. Between 1890 and 1920, 18 million new citizens debarked in America (Booth, Washington Post). Existing social problems became even more pressing. There was a perception among native-born Americans that the social problems of the cities stemmed from the changing character of the new immigrants (p.171). There was a new urgency to Americanize

What is the meaning of Responsibility Free Essays

The ultimate word in life is â€Å"responsibility†. What is responsibility you ask? Responsibility is â€Å"doing the right thing†. Doing the right thing means living a life where every move or decision you make is all your own and you do things that will not harm others. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the meaning of Responsibility or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a moral belief that as individuals we must behave ethical and be accountable for our actions, and be conscious of our decisions and the impact it has on society. In today’s world I believe we have even more responsibilities then our ancestors. If we do not take responsibility for our actions innocent people can be hurt. You will be frowned upon and will lose the trust of others. Behaving in a responsible way can improve our quality of living. In life we all want freedom and with freedom comes responsibility. So many people today do not want to take responsibility for their actions and the impact it has on others. I know as a child, my mother, repeatedly told me that I must take responsibility for my actions, which I should always think twice before I do something, because my actions could result in a negative outcome. As human beings we are given by God free will. If we make certain choices based on our free will, we must be willing to take responsibility for the effects our decisions may have on the people around us, as well as ourselves. So many people think that if you are a responsible person, you may be a boring person. That is just not true. Just because you choose to be a responsible person, you can still have fun and contribute interesting things to the world. I remember another famous quote by Abraham Lincoln, he stated, â€Å"One cannot escape the responsibility of tomorrow by evading it today†. I remember a famous quote from Albert Einstein that states â€Å"Man must cease his problems to the environment, and learn again to exercise his will – his personal responsibility†. Sometimes freedom can be dangerous and could destroy our society. So many people believe freedom means you have the right to do as you please, however, that is not 100% true. As soon as you stop taking responsibility for what you do in life, it is almost certain you will be doing things that will be harmful to others. This is why it is so important to have laws that society must abide by. As an example, let’s say you are having a get together and you have you stereo on a little too loud. To you and the people attending your party the music is just fine, but to your neighbors it is entirely too loud and disruptive. Wouldn’t you be a responsible person if you made sure that the music was loud enough for you and your guests to enjoy, but not too loud that it would annoy your neighbors? When one recognizes that they are 100% responsible for their life, they will soon see the great achievements that come with being a responsible person. Responsibility is a very valuable trait in all that we do. Taking responsibility for one’s self leads to a more optimistic life and one is able to accomplish all that they want. Sometimes taking responsibility can be a very difficult thing, but in the end one is usually happy that they did. If one chose’s to lead an irresponsible life, they will soon see that they will be living a much uncontrolled life and therefore grow to be very pessimistic. One’s health is also affected by the choices one makes. When we choose to blame others for the wrong doings in our life, we soon see that we have no control. Everyone wants to be in control of their own lives. One must remember that when we are responsible we are willing to accept the outcome be it good or bad. People who take responsibility in life are confident and will have a very high self esteem. The thing we have to remember is what happens to you in your life, or where you may end up at in your life is a result of either taking responsibility or not taking responsibility of one’s actions in the past. We all have the right to choose our own destiny. Another great example is what if we didn’t have laws that we had to abide by and everyone was a loud to just do as they wanted and when we committed crimes, no one would be held accountable. Can you imagine the amount of destruction that would be taking place in this world? So as you can see from my examples, it is very important to be a responsible person. How to cite What is the meaning of Responsibility, Essay examples

Pongo pygmaeus The orangutan Essay Example For Students

Pongo pygmaeus The orangutan Essay The orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus, is an ape that is found in the moist, coastal rainforests of Sumatra and Borneo which consists of Indonesia’s Kalimantan provinces, Malaysia’s Sabath and Sarawak, and the kingdom of Brunei Darussalam. Orangutans live in tropical rainforests and are arboreal primates meaning that they are tree dwelling. Orangutans construct nests in the tree branches for the night in which they will curl up and sleep. These nests are made out of leaves and branches and they will sometimes use a leaf as a roof to protect themselves from the rain. Orangutans are omnivores, which means they eat a variety of meat and plants. They primarily eat fruit, leaves and small animals. However, 70% of a wild orangutan diet is fruit (Napier, 1988). The durian fruit is a juicy but smelly, cantaloupe-like substance that is among one of the orangutan’s favorites. They also eat flowers, bark, nuts and small insects such as termites and butterfly larva (DeBoer, 1982). A dult orangutans are primarily solitary, except for mother-offspring pairs. However, weaned juveniles will sometimes flock in small groups. Orangutans are active during the day, or as (DeBoer, 1982) said diurnal. They live alone in large territories. This is probably due to their eating habits; they need a large area in order to get enough food and too many orangutans in one area might lead to starvation. The only long-lasting orangutan social group is the mother and offspring, who live together for about 7 years. When mating, the male and female orangutans stay together for only a few days. Males are aggressive toward each other and often fight over females. They also will stake out areas in which they claim as their territory and fight other males if necessary (Galdikas, 1992). The dominance hierarchy is the ranking system among the Primates. The hierarchy among orangutans is the Noayu, which is where there is a solitary male. There is marked sexual dimorphism among the orangutans. Females weigh only half as much as the males. Being lighter, females and juveniles often stay in the trees. Not only is there a noticeable difference in size, but males also possess quite a few different characteristics than female orangutans do. For example, males have big cheek pads and facial hair that resembles a man’s moustache and beard. The numbers or orangutans have recently dropped tremendously owing to loss of habitat to deforestation and the killing of females for their young, to be sold as pets or zoo animals. Fewer than 30,000 individuals are believed to remain in the wild, and the species is listed as endangered (Galdkias, 1987)In relation to my observation, the orangutans acted very similar in captivity as if they were in the wild. The space was limited, but for what they had to work with, they displayed many of the behaviors they would have given they were in the wild. I noticed that the males remained solitary, as proven in my research. In one instance, Kiko approached his sister and they groomed for a short amount of time, and Kiko went into a different section of the enclosure and remained by himself until the end of my observation. Junior, the dominating male, and father of Kiko, also stayed confined to himself. There was absolutely no interaction between Junior and the other orangutans. At one point of the observation, Junior showed a display of anger, sort of proving his dominance and went into the corner to set up a small, grounded nest. There were many displays shown throughout the thirty- minute time frame. As stated above, Junior was angry because he was woken up by the commotion of the visitors, and began to throw the plastic barrel around. This might also relate to the social structure of a typical orangutan community. The males show aggression when their home feels threatened by another living thing and that would explain his irritation with the crowd. On more than one occasion, Bonnie, demonstrated a display of brachiating from branch to branch, and also up and down the gate against the glass. Orangutans are arboreal, meaning they are tree dwelling primates, so it is only natural instinctly and physically for them to brachiate throughout a tree- .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622 , .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622 .postImageUrl , .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622 , .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622:hover , .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622:visited , .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622:active { border:0!important; } .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622:active , .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622 .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u54e264cb7ef82ba31702026f66218622:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Objectism Essay

The Effects of Illegal Immigration free essay sample

An amnesty sends the message that it is okay to break the law, eventually, it says, you will be forgiven, even rewarded for doing so. It makes a mockery of the legal immigration process, wherein those who obey the rules wait years to immigrate instead of hopping the border and hoping for absolution later. By 2002 the school population had grown from 49 million students to 55 million students because of immigration. â€Å"The estimated cost to the American taxpayers for the education of immigrant children is $30 billion a year. Since 1980 nearly one third of Arizona children have immigrant parents, seven percent of those children are foreign born. This invasion of immigrants and their children are contributing to severe overcrowding of schools. † (FAIR) In Phoenix, schools are so crowded that students have to go to class in a former mall and there are over 700 elementary school children going to school in an old grocery store. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Illegal Immigration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The total K-12 school expenditure for illegal immigrants costs the state’s 74 billion annually, which is enough to buy a computer for every junior high student nationwide. Poor English skills among foreign born residents cost more than $175 billion a year in lost productivity, wagers, tax revenues, and unemployment compensation. I support an immediate halt to illegal entry into our country, and the repatriation of those residing illegally in our country and in my home state. As congressman Barbara Jordan said, â€Å"It is both a right and a responsibility of a democratic society to manage immigration so that it serves the national interest. † I feel that the only way we can stabilize the United States population is to return immigration numbers to a sustainable replacement level. The process of Americanizing is crucial for our American economy and nationhood. References Huddle, Donald (October 1996). The Net costs of Immigration.

Research Paper Topics For Eleventh Grade

Research Paper Topics For Eleventh GradeResearch paper topics for 11th grade are quite different from research paper topics for ninth and tenth grades. Most people think that writing a paper for the 10th grade is very difficult. However, these papers are quite easy to write when you study what works and what doesn't.Research paper topics for the eleventh grade will have to deal with a subject that is near and dear to the students lives. They will need to learn how to manage their money and make decisions when making decisions.This may mean that they will have to choose between two or three options. The same may also apply to their careers. They may have to choose between several careers.These types of research paper topics for the eleventh grade will have to show how these students manage money. They will need to write about various ways in which they can save money, how they can get grants for it and so on. In some cases they may have to write about ways in which they can decrease t heir debts.Research paper topics for eleventh grade will also have to cover what people can do to make sure that they get good grades at school. There will be many ways in which they can help themselves get a good grade and this is done by writing essays on things like what works and what doesn't work. Also, writing about what works and what doesn't work is the first step towards getting a good grade.Writing specific topics will help them to concentrate on a particular topic. They should also be able to explore various ways in which they can save money. Doing this will help them understand how others manage their money and will also help them to understand what works.This will give them the knowledge to be able to find easy ways in which they can spend their money and get good grades at school. It will also help them prepare for the problems that they will have to face in the future.The research paper topics for eleventh grade are very important. They should help to solve any proble ms that the students may have in the future. It will also help them to get a good grade at school and prepare for what lies ahead.

The Benefits of Submitting an Environmental Science Research Paper

The Benefits of Submitting an Environmental Science Research PaperYou can expect to do some Environmental Science Research Paper writing on the internet or for your college students. Of course, this will provide you with a comprehensive research to help you out in future endeavors as well. And what better way to do this than through forums.Whenever an issue arises, whether it is a current situation that you have had to deal with or a longstanding problem that you find yourself still involved in, you can become involved with your fellow forum members and share your thoughts and information. This way, you are always at the forefront of knowledge and education about whatever topic you may be knowledgeable on.A good way to get your student to understand what you are talking about when you submit your Environmental Science Research Paper is to post a link to the original article on your webpage or blog. If they see how important it is to the community that you live in, and to other indivi duals who have been affected by a specific topic, then they will also want to know what your research has revealed.If your student has not yet heard of the issues surrounding global warming, they may want to read about it before you use it as a jumping off point for a new topic. In the same way, if you have not seen the issues with pesticides in the water supplies of your hometown, your student will want to know what those issues are.Your student may also want to ask you a question related to your Environmental Science Research Paper. However, you must make sure that you write down the questions that they asked, as well as the answers that you gave them.You may be able to do group projects in addition to this if you choose to. For example, you may join a forum and post a few questions that relate to your topic; your students may volunteer to answer them.You should always be honest when answering any question on your Environmental Science Research Paper. Once again, do not forget to write down the questions that you get from your students so that you do not miss anything important and your students can ask you later about the issue in more detail.There are many other benefits that come with giving this information to your students; but only after you have given them the opportunity to get involved and gain knowledge about the topics that they might be interested in. Being part of a forum is one of the best ways to accomplish that goal, so take your time, and be sure to get the most out of it.

Writing Essay For Your Holiday Vacation

Writing Essay For Your Holiday VacationWriting an essay for your holiday vacation is one of the toughest things to do. Holiday destinations are full of spectacular sights and amazing sights, and many times you will be wading through a sea of people in a language you don't understand. As a first time writer I wasn't sure how to start and ended up quitting before finishing it. When I wrote it all down I was a little embarrassed but also a little proud.This can be a very daunting task when trying to write a holiday essay. There are a few tips I have learned in the past few years that may help you along the way.Write the essay as a list. Take some time and make a list of all the things you want to accomplish in your vacation. Take some time to create a map that will get you from one destination to the next. Think about a trip that has all the basics at the beginning, like a train trip, a bus trip or an airplane trip. These should be your main goals in writing your essay.The first goal sh ould be to write your essay so that you get to the destination you want to go to. Don't just start writing because you want to read a good book. Get to the destination. Then, work backwards. Use a map to show you where you are going, and as you move from location to location you start to organize and get your ideas down.Second, I suggest that you write your essay in a chronological order. Start with the beginning and work your way to the end. There is nothing worse than reading a holiday essay that starts to read from the front. Instead, let the reader follow your thought process as you move from point A to point B. In this way you can keep your destination in your mind at all times and let your thoughts and ideas flow along the way.I use a list like this to ensure that everything fits into place. Instead of seeing your list in chronological order, start with the most important thing in the destination, and then move towards the smaller things. Your overall theme will take care of i tself as you move on.One last thing, never let yourself get stuck or stop on a dime. Take a break if you need to. Let yourself breathe, take a walk, talk to a friend or check the news, whatever it takes to get back on track and get going.

Management system free essay sample

This document describes the high level design for the CHART/EORS Intranet Mapping Application and the CHART Internet Mapping Application. The purpose of this design is to show the high-level technical approach to meeting the requirements defined in system requirements specification. This serves to identify the architecture of the system and high-level interactions between major system components. 1. 2 Objectives Identify and describe the software architecture for the system. Provide high-level approaches to various technical challenges. Provide a guide for future development efforts, such as detailed design and coding. 1. 3 Scope This high level design encompasses the approach for meeting the requirements as defined in the documents CHART/EORS Intranet Mapping System Requirement Specification and CHART Internet Mapping System Requirement Specification. 2. System Architecture 2. 1 Overview The following diagram shows the system architecture used by CHART mapping applications. The system design utilizes web based multi-tier system architecture. The data storage is managed at the data tier by the databases. We will write a custom essay sample on Management system or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The main business logics are hosted in the two applications in the web server. Because mapping is an area that there are many requirements related to client side interactions with the graphic content of the application, application logics are partitioned based on the most appropriate location to execute them. Some are located on the client browsers to provide instantaneous feedback to the user. The general system operation flow involves the following: 1. Data updates from various sources such as the CHART II CORBA events, EORS data inputs, device and event editing modules are stored in the databases. When a mapping application receives a mapping request, it sends the image map generation request to the ArcIMS map server. The ArcIMS server retrieves the map data from the databases and creates a rendering of the map and saves it as a raster image file. The mapping application generates HTML pages embedded with the image and sends it to the browser client. 3. For the CHART Intranet mapping client, the application also generates the dynamic content in VML format, which encodes the device and event information in vector format. This enables the application to update the dynamic data without having to reload the whole map image. This avoids the heavy load on the map server when the application scales up. 4. When the images and VML data arrives at the client browser, the client displays the map to the user. The user can interact with this data on the client. 2. 2 SQL Server and ArcSDE ArcSDE from ESRI allows managing of geographic information in commercial databases such as SQL Server, Oracle, DB2 and Informix. ArcSDE provides functionalities to efficiently store and retrieve spatial information using spatial indexing mechanisms. Managing the spatial servers is the ArcIMS Application Server, which monitors each spatial server’s activity and brokers map requests to the least busy spatial server. The detailed interaction of a map request is as the following: When the ASP. Net page receives a map request, it parses it and uses the ActiveX Connector object model to construct a map request. The connector then sends the map request in ArcXML format to the Application Server. The Application Server then finds the least busy spatial server and forwards the map request to it. The spatial server performs the query against the ArcSDE database, retrieves the data and renders them into a raster image file. The location of the file is then sent back to the connector and the ASP. Net page writes it back to the client as HTML page with the image embedded in it. 2. 4 Web Server (IIS) . Net Framework and ASP. Net The web server hosts and publishes content to the client browser. In the case of the CHART mapping applications, most of the content is dynamic content generated by ASP. Net modules. When IIS recognizes a page being an ASP. Net module (an aspx extension), it passes the request to the . Net Framework to load the module and handle the request. The ASP. Net pages are then loaded into memory and executed. The . Net Framework provides many utilities such as garbage collection, tracing, just-in-time compilation that manages the execution of ASP. Net modules. The ASP. Net page modules are where the CHART mapping application logic is coded. The web server also provides security via the Secured Socket Layer (SSL), allowing interactions between the user’s browser and the web server to be encrypted when necessary. Network Level Security Network layer security will be managed by the network security configurations like firewall and RSA secure ID. 2. 5. 2 Secured Socket Layer (SSL) MDOT has a certificate server to provide digital certificates for the SSL configuration. The server name must remain consistent with the certificate. All links shall use the same server name, otherwise, if the server is referred using an IP address or a local server name, etc. , the user will see an alert indicating the certificate is in-consistent with the resource. IIS supports the configuration of one folder in the web application requiring SSL while other portion does not. The session information remains consistent between SSL portion of the web site and the non-SSL portion. 2. 5. 3 Enterprise User Enters Read-Only View Many of the CHART mapping functionalities are for display and reviewing data, i. e. a read-only view. The design allows enterprise viewers and CHART users to access the read-only portion of the web site without having to input user name and password. This also enables CHART users to reach the viewing area without having to enter their login information again. When system receives a user request to enter the secured area, the system checks whether the current session has been authenticated. If not, system displays login screen. The user shall enter their CHART user name and password. Upon receipt of the user name and password, the system checks it against the CHART II database’s user tables. If they are authenticated, the system stores the user information in the session. The session will be managed in the server until the configured timeout expires. All subsequent requests from the same user session will inherit the same authorization information for the user. 2. 5. 4 CHART User Enters Editing Area Other applications, like future versions of CHART II and CHART Lite, can launch the map editing URL via the HTTPS protocol. The user name and password can be sent via https request. The system verifies their authentication information against the CHART II user database using an OLEDB/ODBC connection. If the authentication information is correct, the system will store this information in the session. The user will be redirected to the map page. If the authentication is rejected, the user request will be redirected to the login screen to reenter the authentication information. Associating a CHART user with an op-center/default map view area: Based on CHART II R1B3 database design, users are not associated with an op-center; rather, the user specifies an op-center during logon. In order to display a default map view area based on an op-center, an external application launching the CHART mapping application will also need to pass in the operation center name to initialize the map to the associated extent. Passing user name and password in URL request: The mapping site shall have a module that verifies the user name and password, then forward the page to the map page, hence avoiding showing the password on URL address box. At the current time, without the full integration with CHART II and CHART Lite, the system will expect plain text user name and password. In the future, an encryption/decryption algorithms agreed between the systems can be added to achieve higher security. 2. 5. 5 EORS Security Currently, the EORS security has not been implemented. EORS functions will be hard-coded with security configuration. 3. Network Configuration The design above depicts CHART network configuration as the Internal network, a Demilitarization Zone (DMZ) network for hosting the web server and connecting out to the external Internet network. There will be two firewalls, one between the Internet and the DMZ network and another one between the DMZ network and the internal network. The map server and database servers are to be hosted in the internal network for maximum security. The initial configuration calls for two physical computers to host the map servers and database servers. In the future, if the system needs to scale up, additional physical servers can be added. The Intranet web server can optionally be hosted on the load-balanced virtual server too. 3. 1. 1 Map Server Load Balancing The design achieves load balancing by a combination of Windows 2000 Advanced Server Network Load Balancing (NLB) Service and the ArcIMS Application Server. The system utilizes two physical server computers. The two servers are configured with NLB. NLB works on the TCP/IP level. Any incoming traffic from web server to the virtual server IP address is load balanced between the two application servers by NLB. ArcIMS Application Server operates at the application level, monitoring each spatial server’s load and operation. When a spatial server is busy, it directs the map request to idling spatial server(s). Each physical map server hosts one ArcIMS Application Server and two ArcIMS Spatial Server instances. An application server failure forces NLB to direct new connections to the remaining application server. When the failed server is recovered, new client connections should once again be shared between the two servers. The two spatial server instances are â€Å"cross registered† to the application servers. As shown in the diagram, Spatial Server A1 and A2 are registered to Application Server B and A correspondingly. This arrangement ensures that when a spatial server is down, the application server can still utilize the spatial server from the other server to serve the map request and the application server continue to function. Also, this configuration also allows ArcIMS to load balance at the Spatial Server level as opposed to just the network traffic level, which is what NLB provides. This configuration can withstand an Application Server failure, a Spatial Server failure, a simultaneous Application/Spatial Server failure or hardware failure of one of the physical map servers. Using two map servers with network load balancing should provide high-availability load balanced ArcIMS web site. 3. 1. 2 Database Load Balancing By running two SQL Server and ArcSDE instances with NLB to balance the load, the system can achieve high availability at the database server layer. The database servers are completely independent and share no hardware components. This type of availability is achievable with the standard edition of SQL Server. The two database servers are setup with Transactional replication. One of the two SQL Servers is configured as the publisher and the other one as a subscriber. All the data modification such as insert, delete and update will be performed on the publisher and changes are replicated to the subscriber. Transactional replication can provide very low latency to Subscribers. Subscribers receiving data using a push subscription usually receive changes from the Publisher within one minute or sooner, provided that the network link and adequate processing resources are available (latency of a few seconds can often be achieved). When the web server and map server requests use the virtual IP address on the load-balanced group of database servers, they are directed to the database server with the least amount of load. If one of the database servers goes down due to hardware failure, NLB detects that this server is down and no longer directs database requests to this machine. The remaining machine handles the database requests and apart from a slight drop in performance the users are unaware that a database server has failed. When the hardware is fixed the offending machine can be brought back online. One limitation exists for this design. It happens when the publisher database is down. In this situation the data updates cannot be committed until the publisher database comes back. But at the same time, all read access from the Internet and Intranet server could still be directed to the secondary server. In the case when the publisher data is going to be down for extended time period, system configuration need to allow system administrator to change the configuration so that the replica will serve as the main database. Compared with clustering solution, this system design provides the maximum database availability and performance benefit. The databases that need to be replicated would include: 1. Background map database. Background map data does not change often. A snapshot replication is sufficient for replicating data updates in one database to the other. 2. CHART/EORS Spatial Database CHART/EORS spatial database stores CHART and EORS device and event information with spatial data. They are dynamically updated throughout the day. Transactional replication will be setup to ensure that data change in one database gets replicated to the other one. 3. SDE metadata. In general, the system can continue to provide access of map and data to both the Internet and Intranet users in the case of failure of any one component in the system. The only exception is that when the publisher database is down, the new data cannot be updated into the system. Users will get delayed information. 3. 1. 3 DMZ Configuration CHART is currently implementing a Demilitarization Zone (DMZ) network to enhance the network security. This entails creating a separate network for the web server computer(s) and separating it from the internal network with a firewall. In an ideal world, the DMZ would have no physical connection to the internal network. This would require two separate map server setups to serve the Internet and Intranet users. The recommended way to implement is to disallow any access from the DMZ to the internal network, but allow access from the internal network to the DMZ. In other words, allow out-bound connections. On each of the ArcIMS server computers, mount a network drive to a shared drive on the Web server. Each ArcIMS spatial server would write the output raster image files to the location on the web server to be delivered to the Internet client browsers. 4. Database Organization To reduce the dependency and operation interference between the spatial data and the attribute data, the EORS spatial database and CHART spatial database will be created as two SQL Server databases. To reduce the performance overhead when joining data between the spatial and attribute data, the EORS spatial database will reside on the same database server(s) as the EORS database. Map Display Mechanism CHART Intranet mapping application requires that changes in event and device data be reflected on all map clients in a near-real-time fashion (within 5 seconds). To do so via the traditional raster map publishing mechanism will result in all clients retrieving updated map every 5 seconds or at least when event/device status update requires a new map to be generated. When there is large number of users of the system, it will result in a high map server load in a concentrated short time period. To resolve this issue, the project team reviewed various technical approaches and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages as the following: 5. 1. 1 Raster (JPEG, GIF or PNG) Image This is a popular approach that utilizes the basic image display functionality of web browsers. It utilizes the server processing power efficiently. The disadvantages are that the images have limited client side intelligence, leaving most of the computation concentrated on the server. It’s capability of handling large number of concurrent map requests is limited. Generally, one map server can support 4-8 requests per second. For CHART’s situation, when an event changes status, if a new map image needs to be generated, it would be about 40 requests per second (200 users at 5 second update interval). Many servers will be required to support the load. With the license fee involved with using GIF format, we will not use GIF for map publishing. Compared with JPG format, PNG graphics do not have the â€Å"bleeding† effect inherent with the JPEG compression algorithm. With the map displaying lines rather than continuous tone images, it is much cleaner. PNG also results in a smaller file, which translates into faster download times for client. The only JPG advantage is server side image generation times. It is recommended to utilize PNG for the Intranet application to produce highest quality images for standardized IE browser while utilizing JPG for the Internet to allow for support of as many browsers as possible. Also, the reduction in image processing time should deliver better web image generation performance. 5. 1. 2 XML Based Vector Graphics 5. 1. 2. 1 Vector Markup Language (VML) VML is a XML based W3C standard in describing vector graphics. Basically, it encodes the vector coordinates of points, lines and polygons in XML format. The support of VML is included in Internet Explorer 5. 0 and later. There is no download needed to display VML encoded vector graphics. It also has built-in support for style sheet and scripting. This makes it possible to modify the display properties and positions of the vector graphics using the JavaScript on the client-side browser. Using this functionality, we can dynamically update the display of devices and events. 5. 1. 2. 2 Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) Scalable Vector Graphics is another XML-based W3C standard format for vector graphics. Compared with VML, it requires Java or ActiveX based plug-in to be displayed. Also, based on review of the plug-ins (SVG Viewer by Adobe), there is not as much support for scripting as for VML. 5. 1. 3 ArcIMS Java Viewer ArcIMS includes a Java Viewer, which provides a Java Applet that can be customized to a certain extent to display vector encoded GIS data on the client side. It requires a download to the client. The Java Viewer reads vector data from ArcIMS feature server encoded using an ESRI proprietary compression format, which makes it difficult to implement special features such as WSMS offsetted road networks because they need to be offset dynamically based on map scale. 5. 1. 4 MapObjects Java MapObjects Java from ESRI provides a set of Java-based objects for GIS functionalities. It has an extensive set of functionality that can satisfy the requirements. But, it requires a license fee of $100/seat, or comparable server-based licensing. It also requires a download to client machine to run it. 5. 1. 5 Summary Based on the research above, the project team recommends the following design: Use raster map for background map display (background data with SHA grid map are often large amount of data, suitable for server side processing) Use XML data format to transport the device and event data from server to browser client. Use JavaScript to create and update the VML vector data elements to display the dynamic layers including all the CHART/EORS devices and events. The diagram above illustrates the map display mechanism: 1. Map server reads the spatial data from background database and sends the published map image to the client browser to be displayed as background. 2. Device and event information is broadcasted from the CHART II system in the form of CORBA events. 3. CORBA event listener receives the event broadcast and saves the data into CHART spatial database. 4. CHART/EORS device and event data are published in XML format to the client. Client browser parses the XML into a XML Document Object Model (DOM) using the XML parser. 5. The client browser then iterate through the DOM tree structure and create corresponding VML elements based on the XML device and event data. The VML elements are displayed on the top of the background raster map image. 6. At a pre-configured interval, the browser client retrieves update of device and event data from the IIS server in XML format and update the VML display based on the updated information. Automated Refresh of Device and Event Data CHART/EORS device and event information needs to be updated at a pre-configured interval. They should be updated separate from the background map to reduce the load on the map server. The technical approach to achieve this will be to use a hidden frame to send the request to retrieve updated device and event data and receive the response. The response will package the data in XML file to be parsed into a document object model (DOM) and display the data on map. The request can be to retrieve all data or only retrieve data newer than last retrieval. When the new device/event is received and it requires changing the display of the device/events, the style assignment for the elements can be changed to update the device and event display. The VML elements will be sent using real-world coordinates (Maryland State Plane 1983). After the data has been retrieved to the client side, the VML map layers can be dynamically projected using the â€Å"local coordinate space†. When user zooms or pan the map, the VML will be projected using the updated coordinates to fit the new map extent without going back to the server to retrieve new data set. 5. 3 Inter-Frame Client Script Synchronization The map page has a few frames and the browser loads them asynchronously. Scripts in one frame may call scripts in another frame that may not have been loaded. The approach to resolve this is to add client-side exception handling and verification routine to ensure that the script is called always after the frame is loaded. 5. 4 Assigning and Editing Event Location The dynamic nature of VML elements in the browser allows adding and modifying VML elements by scripting. When the user clicks or drags the mouse on the map, client-side script manages the transformation of screen coordinates and real-world map coordinates. The coordinates are sent back to the server’s secured URL where the information is extracted and saved to the database. 5. 5 Scalability The CHART mapping application serves not only the Intranet users, but also Internet browser clients. During emergency situations, the load on both the Internet and Intranet servers could get extremely high. The system must be able to scale up to serve large amount of users. The technical approach to solve this issue involves two main facets. As described in the network configuration section, the system will employ network load balancing and allows adding additional hardware in the future. The system should also be able to utilize the caching feature of IIS and ASP. Net to scale up without significantly increase hardware investment. ASP. Net allows caching configuration for individual page modules, such as whether the page is cached and how long it is cached. After the application is deployed, these caching settings can be configured on the web pages. For example, if it is determined that the Internet mapping can be up to 3 seconds late, by setting caching time to 3 seconds, all requests from the Internet will receive a cached response without creating additional load on the map and database server. Exception Management and Recovery CHART II keeps its clients updated via a push model using the CORBA Event Service. The Event Service does not guarantee delivery; therefore it is possible for event data to be lost/dropped (although in practice, this is rare). To account for this possibility, the CHART Web Event Listener will refresh its information about the status of devices and traffic events from CHART II at a configurable interval. Also, each time the Event Listener is started, it will retrieve all relevant data from CHART II. Thus, the update model becomes a push model with an occasional pull to be safe. This process will be used to recover from the following situations: 1. The Event Listener was down and did not receive new data from CHART II. 2. CHART II CORBA event(s) occasionally dropped while the Event Listener is up and running. Another likely scenario is that the CHART II server or service(s) restart. After a typical restart, the CORBA Event Service CORBA objects will be recreated with the same characteristics allowing the Event Listener to continue to automatically receive CHART II CORBA events. As the CHART II services will not be processing events during this time, no events are likely to be missed. Therefore, the Event Listener does not need to do anything special to handle a CHART II server or service(s) restart. Sometimes CHART II maintenance will require that new (and different) Event Service CORBA objects be created. This might happen during a CHART II upgrade, for example. In this case, the Event Listener will need to be restarted so that it can pick up the new objects. Since this type of maintenance does not occur often and the Event Listener restarting is fast, the restart can be handled as part of the CHART II upgrade procedures. Integration with ASP Code in EORS and CHART Web Application The CHART Intranet Mapping, replacing the existing EORS mapping application, will still be launched as a separate window by a URL string with a few parameters identifying the district, view type, etc. The impact on EORS web application should be limited to modifying the URL links. The current CHART Internet Mapping site uses â€Å"include† statement to include site navigation pages from upper level CHART web site’s pages. When upgrading Internet Mapping to ASP. Net, â€Å"include† statement is no longer used. Instead, a ServerXMLHTTP request can be formulated to request the text from the included ASP page and merge them into the mapping ASP. Net pages. The limitation of this implementation would be that the ASP. Net application couldn’t share the session and application variables from the ASP application. Currently, there are only a couple of them, such as database connection string. The ASP. Net mapping application will maintain a separate set of application variables. 6. User Interface Design 6. 1 Intranet Map Site User Interface Design Here following is a high-level frame structure for the Intranet mapping site: 1. AppFrame is the highest-level frame that includes all the child frames. On the top of the page, there will be the title frame, which will host the CHART icon. Also inside the title frame will be a group of tabs, such as Traffic, Roadway Weather, Message Sign, etc. 2. ToolsFrame hosts the map navigation and other map related tools. The ToolsFrame will also host menu system that allows the user to bring up data and other detailed information. HiddenFrame will be used to submit and receive information from the server. 4. ContentFrame is further divided to a map frame on the left and a data frame on the right. The user shall be able rearrange the frame boundary to give more space to the map or data area. Data frame will display data as well as legend, layer control and other items when needed. Management system free essay sample Provide a guide for future development efforts, such as detailed design and coding. 1. 3 Scope This high level design encompasses the approach for meeting the requirements as defined in the documents CHART/EORS Intranet Mapping System Requirement Specification and CHART Internet Mapping System Requirement Specification. 2. System Architecture 2. 1 Overview The following diagram shows the system architecture used by CHART mapping applications. The system design utilizes web based multi-tier system architecture. The data storage is managed at the data tier by the databases. The main business logics are hosted in the two applications in the web server. Because mapping is an area that there are many requirements related to client side interactions with the graphic content of the application, application logics are partitioned based on the most appropriate location to execute them. Some are located on the client browsers to provide instantaneous feedback to the user. The general system operation flow involves the following: Data updates from various sources such as the CHART II CORBA events, EORS data inputs, device and event editing modules are stored in the databases. We will write a custom essay sample on Management system or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . When a mapping application receives a mapping request, it sends the image map generation request to the ArcIMS map server. The ArcIMS server retrieves the map data from the databases and creates a rendering of the map and saves it as a raster image file. The mapping application generates HTML pages embedded with the image and sends it to the browser client. 3. For the CHART Intranet mapping client, the application also generates the dynamic content in VML format, which encodes the device and event information in vector format. This enables the application to update the dynamic data without having to reload the whole map image. This avoids the heavy load on the map server when the application scales up. 4. When the images and VML data arrives at the client browser, the client displays the map to the user. The user can interact with this data on the client. 2. 2 SQL Server and ArcSDE ArcSDE from ESRI allows managing of geographic information in commercial databases such as SQL Server, Oracle, DB2 and Informix. ArcSDE provides functionalities to efficiently store and retrieve spatial information using spatial indexing mechanisms. ArcSDE provides a set of API and administrative utilities that help manage the spatial data storage. For the CHART mapping systems, the combination of ArcSDE and SQL Server manages the spatial information in the relational database. ArcSDE adds spatial functionalities without disrupting standard SQL database capabilities. 2. 3 Map Server (ArcIMS) ArcIMS includes a few components that will play important roles in the CHART mapping application. The workhorse component that processes the data and generates maps is the spatial server. Managing the spatial servers is the ArcIMS Application Server, which monitors each spatial server’s activity and brokers map requests to the least busy spatial server. The detailed interaction of a map request is as the following: When the ASP. Net page receives a map request, it parses it and uses the ActiveX Connector object model to construct a map request. The connector then sends the map request in ArcXML format to the Application Server. The Application Server then finds the least busy spatial server and forwards the map request to it. The spatial server performs the query against the ArcSDE database, retrieves the data and renders them into a raster image file. The location of the file is then sent back to the connector and the ASP. Net page writes it back to the client as HTML page with the image embedded in it. 2. 4 Web Server (IIS) . Net Framework and ASP. Net The web server hosts and publishes content to the client browser. In the case of the CHART mapping applications, most of the content is dynamic content generated by ASP. Net modules. When IIS recognizes a page being an ASP. Net module (an aspx extension), it passes the request to the . Net Framework to load the module and handle the request. The ASP. Net pages are then loaded into memory and executed. The . Net Framework provides many utilities such as garbage collection, tracing, just-in-time compilation that manages the execution of ASP. Net modules. The ASP. Net page modules are where the CHART mapping application logic is coded. The web server also provides security via the Secured Socket Layer (SSL), allowing interactions between the user’s browser and the web server to be encrypted when necessary. . 5 Security 2. 5. 1 Network Level Security Network layer security will be managed by the network security configurations like firewall and RSA secure ID. 2. 5. 2 Secured Socket Layer (SSL) MDOT has a certificate server to provide digital certificates for the SSL configuration. The server name must remain consistent with the certificate. All links shall use the same server name, otherwise, if the server is referred using an IP address or a local server name, etc. , the user will see an alert indicating the certificate is in-consistent with the resource. IIS supports the configuration of one folder in the web application requiring SSL while other portion does not. The session information remains consistent between SSL portion of the web site and the non-SSL portion. 2. 5. 3 Enterprise User Enters Read-Only View Many of the CHART mapping functionalities are for display and reviewing data, i. e. a read-only view. The design allows enterprise viewers and CHART users to access the read-only portion of the web site without having to input user name and password. This also enables CHART users to reach the viewing area without having to enter their login information again. When system receives a user request to enter the secured area, the system checks whether the current session has been authenticated. If not, system displays login screen. The user shall enter their CHART user name and password. Upon receipt of the user name and password, the system checks it against the CHART II database’s user tables. If they are authenticated, the system stores the user information in the session. The session will be managed in the server until the configured timeout expires. All subsequent requests from the same user session will inherit the same authorization information for the user. 2. 5. 4 CHART User Enters Editing Area Other applications, like future versions of CHART II and CHART Lite, can launch the map editing URL via the HTTPS protocol. The user name and password can be sent via https request. The system verifies their authentication information against the CHART II user database using an OLEDB/ODBC connection. If the authentication information is correct, the system will store this information in the session. The user will be redirected to the map page. If the authentication is rejected, the user request will be redirected to the login screen to reenter the authentication information. Associating a CHART user with an op-center/default map view area: Based on CHART II R1B3 database design, users are not associated with an op-center; rather, the user specifies an op-center during logon. In order to display a default map view area based on an op-center, an external application launching the CHART mapping application will also need to pass in the operation center name to initialize the map to the associated extent. Passing user name and password in URL request: The mapping site shall have a module that verifies the user name and password, then forward the page to the map page, hence avoiding showing the password on URL address box. At the current time, without the full integration with CHART II and CHART Lite, the system will expect plain text user name and password. In the future, an encryption/decryption algorithms agreed between the systems can be added to achieve higher security. 2. 5. 5 EORS Security Currently, the EORS security has not been implemented. EORS functions will be hard-coded with security configuration. 3. Network Configuration The design above depicts CHART network configuration as the Internal network, a Demilitarization Zone (DMZ) network for hosting the web server and connecting out to the external Internet network. There will be two firewalls, one between the Internet and the DMZ network and another one between the DMZ network and the internal network. The map server and database servers are to be hosted in the internal network for maximum security. The initial configuration calls for two physical computers to host the map servers and database servers. In the future, if the system needs to scale up, additional physical servers can be added. The Intranet web server can optionally be hosted on the load-balanced virtual server too. 3. 1. 1 Map Server Load Balancing The design achieves load balancing by a combination of Windows 2000 Advanced Server Network Load Balancing (NLB) Service and the ArcIMS Application Server. The system utilizes two physical server computers. The two servers are configured with NLB. NLB works on the TCP/IP level. Any incoming traffic from web server to the virtual server IP address is load balanced between the two application servers by NLB. ArcIMS Application Server operates at the application level, monitoring each spatial server’s load and operation. When a spatial server is busy, it directs the map request to idling spatial server(s). Each physical map server hosts one ArcIMS Application Server and two ArcIMS Spatial Server instances. An application server failure forces NLB to direct new connections to the remaining application server. When the failed server is recovered, new client connections should once again be shared between the two servers. The two spatial server instances are â€Å"cross registered† to the application servers. As shown in the diagram, Spatial Server A1 and A2 are registered to Application Server B and A correspondingly. This arrangement ensures that when a spatial server is down, the application server can still utilize the spatial server from the other server to serve the map request and the application server continue to function. Also, this configuration also allows ArcIMS to load balance at the Spatial Server level as opposed to just the network traffic level, which is what NLB provides. This configuration can withstand an Application Server failure, a Spatial Server failure, a simultaneous Application/Spatial Server failure or hardware failure of one of the physical map servers. Using two map servers with network load balancing should provide high-availability load balanced ArcIMS web site. 3. 1. 2 Database Load Balancing By running two SQL Server and ArcSDE instances with NLB to balance the load, the system can achieve high availability at the database server layer. The database servers are completely independent and share no hardware components. This type of availability is achievable with the standard edition of SQL Server. The two database servers are setup with Transactional replication. One of the two SQL Servers is configured as the publisher and the other one as a subscriber. All the data modification such as insert, delete and update will be performed on the publisher and changes are replicated to the subscriber. Transactional replication can provide very low latency to Subscribers. Subscribers receiving data using a push subscription usually receive changes from the Publisher within one minute or sooner, provided that the network link and adequate processing resources are available (latency of a few seconds can often be achieved). When the web server and map server requests use the virtual IP address on the load-balanced group of database servers, they are directed to the database server with the least amount of load. If one of the database servers goes down due to hardware failure, NLB detects that this server is down and no longer directs database requests to this machine. The remaining machine handles the database requests and apart from a slight drop in performance the users are unaware that a database server has failed. When the hardware is fixed the offending machine can be brought back online. One limitation exists for this design. It happens when the publisher database is down. In this situation the data updates cannot be committed until the publisher database comes back. But at the same time, all read access from the Internet and Intranet server could still be directed to the secondary server. In the case when the publisher data is going to be down for extended time period, system configuration need to allow system administrator to change the configuration so that the replica will serve as the main database. Compared with clustering solution, this system design provides the maximum database availability and performance benefit. The databases that need to be replicated would include: 1. Background map database. Background map data does not change often. A snapshot replication is sufficient for replicating data updates in one database to the other. 2. CHART/EORS Spatial Database CHART/EORS spatial database stores CHART and EORS device and event information with spatial data. They are dynamically updated throughout the day. Transactional replication will be setup to ensure that data change in one database gets replicated to the other one. 3. SDE metadata. In general, the system can continue to provide access of map and data to both the Internet and Intranet users in the case of failure of any one component in the system. The only exception is that when the publisher database is down, the new data cannot be updated into the system. Users will get delayed information. 3. 1. 3 DMZ Configuration CHART is currently implementing a Demilitarization Zone (DMZ) network to enhance the network security. This entails creating a separate network for the web server computer(s) and separating it from the internal network with a firewall. In an ideal world, the DMZ would have no physical connection to the internal network. This would require two separate map server setups to serve the Internet and Intranet users. The recommended way to implement is to disallow any access from the DMZ to the internal network, but allow access from the internal network to the DMZ. In other words, allow out-bound connections. On each of the ArcIMS server computers, mount a network drive to a shared drive on the Web server. Each ArcIMS spatial server would write the output raster image files to the location on the web server to be delivered to the Internet client browsers. 4. Database Organization To reduce the dependency and operation interference between the spatial data and the attribute data, the EORS spatial database and CHART spatial database will be created as two SQL Server databases. To reduce the performance overhead when joining data between the spatial and attribute data, the EORS spatial database will reside on the same database server(s) as the EORS database. Technical Challenges 5. 1 Map Display Mechanism CHART Intranet mapping application requires that changes in event and device data be reflected on all map clients in a near-real-time fashion (within 5 seconds). To do so via the traditional raster map publishing mechanism will result in all clients retrieving updated map every 5 seconds or at least when event/device status update requires a new map to be generated. When there is large number of users of the system, it will result in a high map server load in a concentrated short time period. To resolve this issue, the project team reviewed various technical approaches and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages as the following: 5. 1. 1 Raster (JPEG, GIF or PNG) Image This is a popular approach that utilizes the basic image display functionality of web browsers. It utilizes the server processing power efficiently. The disadvantages are that the images have limited client side intelligence, leaving most of the computation concentrated on the server. It’s capability of handling large number of concurrent map requests is limited. Generally, one map server can support 4-8 requests per second. For CHART’s situation, when an event changes status, if a new map image needs to be generated, it would be about 40 requests per second (200 users at 5 second update interval). Many servers will be required to support the load. With the license fee involved with using GIF format, we will not use GIF for map publishing. Compared with JPG format, PNG graphics do not have the â€Å"bleeding† effect inherent with the JPEG compression algorithm. With the map displaying lines rather than continuous tone images, it is much cleaner. PNG also results in a smaller file, which translates into faster download times for client. The only JPG advantage is server side image generation times. It is recommended to utilize PNG for the Intranet application to produce highest quality images for standardized IE browser while utilizing JPG for the Internet to allow for support of as many browsers as possible. Also, the reduction in image processing time should deliver better web image generation performance. 5. 1. 2 XML Based Vector Graphics 5. 1. 2. 1 Vector Markup Language (VML) VML is a XML based W3C standard in describing vector graphics. Basically, it encodes the vector coordinates of points, lines and polygons in XML format. The support of VML is included in Internet Explorer 5. 0 and later. There is no download needed to display VML encoded vector graphics. It also has built-in support for style sheet and scripting. This makes it possible to modify the display properties and positions of the vector graphics using the JavaScript on the client-side browser. Using this functionality, we can dynamically update the display of devices and events. 5. 1. 2. 2 Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) Scalable Vector Graphics is another XML-based W3C standard format for vector graphics. Compared with VML, it requires Java or ActiveX based plug-in to be displayed. Also, based on review of the plug-ins (SVG Viewer by Adobe), there is not as much support for scripting as for VML. 5. 1. 3 ArcIMS Java Viewer ArcIMS includes a Java Viewer, which provides a Java Applet that can be customized to a certain extent to display vector encoded GIS data on the client side. It requires a download to the client. The Java Viewer reads vector data from ArcIMS feature server encoded using an ESRI proprietary compression format, which makes it difficult to implement special features such as WSMS offsetted road networks because they need to be offset dynamically based on map scale. 5. 1. 4 MapObjects Java MapObjects Java from ESRI provides a set of Java-based objects for GIS functionalities. It has an extensive set of functionality that can satisfy the requirements. But, it requires a license fee of $100/seat, or comparable server-based licensing. It also requires a download to client machine to run it. 5. 1. 5 Summary Based on the research above, the project team recommends the following design: Use raster map for background map display (background data with SHA grid map are often large amount of data, suitable for server side processing) Use XML data format to transport the device and event data from server to browser client. Use JavaScript to create and update the VML vector data elements to display the dynamic layers including all the CHART/EORS devices and events. The diagram above illustrates the map display mechanism: 1. Map server reads the spatial data from background database and sends the published map image to the client browser to be displayed as background. 2. Device and event information is broadcasted from the CHART II system in the form of CORBA events. 3. CORBA event listener receives the event broadcast and saves the data into CHART spatial database. 4. CHART/EORS device and event data are published in XML format to the client. Client browser parses the XML into a XML Document Object Model (DOM) using the XML parser. 5. The client browser then iterate through the DOM tree structure and create corresponding VML elements based on the XML device and event data. The VML elements are displayed on the top of the background raster map image. 6. At a pre-configured interval, the browser client retrieves update of device and event data from the IIS server in XML format and update the VML display based on the updated information. 5. Automated Refresh of Device and Event Data CHART/EORS device and event information needs to be updated at a pre-configured interval. They should be updated separate from the background map to reduce the load on the map server. The technical approach to achieve this will be to use a hidden frame to send the request to retrieve updated device and event data and receive the response. The response will package the dat a in XML file to be parsed into a document object model (DOM) and display the data on map. The request can be to retrieve all data or only retrieve data newer than last retrieval. When the new device/event is received and it requires changing the display of the device/events, the style assignment for the elements can be changed to update the device and event display. The VML elements will be sent using real-world coordinates (Maryland State Plane 1983). After the data has been retrieved to the client side, the VML map layers can be dynamically projected using the â€Å"local coordinate space†. When user zooms or pan the map, the VML will be projected using the updated coordinates to fit the new map extent without going back to the server to retrieve new data set. 5. 3 Inter-Frame Client Script Synchronization The map page has a few frames and the browser loads them asynchronously. Scripts in one frame may call scripts in another frame that may not have been loaded. The approach to resolve this is to add client-side exception handling and verification routine to ensure that the script is called always after the frame is loaded. 5. 4 Assigning and Editing Event Location The dynamic nature of VML elements in the browser allows adding and modifying VML elements by scripting. When the user clicks or drags the mouse on the map, client-side script manages the transformation of screen coordinates and real-world map coordinates. The coordinates are sent back to the server’s secured URL where the information is extracted and saved to the database. 5. 5 Scalability The CHART mapping application serves not only the Intranet users, but also Internet browser clients. During emergency situations, the load on both the Internet and Intranet servers could get extremely high. The system must be able to scale up to serve large amount of users. The technical approach to solve this issue involves two main facets. As described in the network configuration section, the system will employ network load balancing and allows adding additional hardware in the future. The system should also be able to utilize the caching feature of IIS and ASP. Net to scale up without significantly increase hardware investment. ASP. Net allows caching configuration for individual page modules, such as whether the page is cached and how long it is cached. After the application is deployed, these caching settings can be configured on the web pages. For example, if it is determined that the Internet mapping can be up to 3 seconds late, by setting caching time to 3 seconds, all requests from the Internet will receive a cached response without creating additional load on the map and database server. . Exception Management and Recovery CHART II keeps its clients updated via a push model using the CORBA Event Service. The Event Service does not guarantee delivery; therefore it is possible for event data to be lost/dropped (although in practice, this is rare). To account for this possibility, the CHART Web Event Listener will refresh its information about the status of devices and traffic events from CHART II at a configurable interval. Also, each time the Event Listener is started, it will retrieve all relevant data from CHART II. Thus, the update model becomes a push model with an occasional pull to be safe. This process will be used to recover from the following situations: 1. The Event Listener was down and did not receive new data from CHART II. 2. CHART II CORBA event(s) occasionally dropped while the Event Listener is up and running. Another likely scenario is that the CHART II server or service(s) restart. After a typical restart, the CORBA Event Service CORBA objects will be recreated with the same characteristics allowing the Event Listener to continue to automatically receive CHART II CORBA events. As the CHART II services will not be processing events during this time, no events are likely to be missed. Therefore, the Event Listener does not need to do anything special to handle a CHART II server or service(s) restart. Sometimes CHART II maintenance will require that new (and different) Event Service CORBA objects be created. This might happen during a CHART II upgrade, for example. In this case, the Event Listener will need to be restarted so that it can pick up the new objects. Since this type of maintenance does not occur often and the Event Listener restarting is fast, the restart can be handled as part of the CHART II upgrade procedures. 5. Integration with ASP Code in EORS and CHART Web Application The CHART Intranet Mapping, replacing the existing EORS mapping application, will still be launched as a separate window by a URL string with a few parameters identifying the district, view type, etc. The impact on EORS web application should be limited to modifying the URL links. The current CHART Internet Mapping site uses â€Å"include† statement to include site navigation pages from upper level CHART web site’s pages. When upgrading Internet Mapping to ASP. Net, â€Å"include† statement is no longer used. Instead, a ServerXMLHTTP request can be formulated to request the text from the included ASP page and merge them into the mapping ASP. Net pages. The limitation of this implementation would be that the ASP. Net application couldn’t share the session and application variables from the ASP application. Currently, there are only a couple of them, such as database connection string. The ASP. Net mapping application will maintain a separate set of application variables. 6. User Interface Design 6. 1 Intranet Map Site User Interface Design Here following is a high-level frame structure for the Intranet mapping site: 1. AppFrame is the highest-level frame that includes all the child frames. On the top of the page, there will be the title frame, which will host the CHART icon. Also inside the title frame will be a group of tabs, such as Traffic, Roadway Weather, Message Sign, etc. 2. ToolsFrame hosts the map navigation and other map related tools. The ToolsFrame will also host menu system that allows the user to bring up data and other detailed information. 3. HiddenFrame will be used to submit and receive information from the server. 4. ContentFrame is further divided to a map frame on the left and a data frame on the right. The user shall be able rearrange the frame boundary to give more space to the map or data area. Data frame will display data as well as legend, layer control and other items when needed. 5. PromptFrame will display the current tool selected and instructions for user activities. Here is a screen shot of the preliminary user interface design.