Clytemnestra Antigone: Inescapable Femininity

Clytemnestra Antig sensation Inescapable FemininityIn Aeschylus and Sophocles portrayals, women who atomic number 18 male atomic number 18 feminized when they confront rebrinyder the reassumption of orthodoxy reflects how women mucklenot truly break away from their femininity regard little if they resist it in Greek society.Aeschylus tragic heroine Clytemnestra is undoubtedly one of the approximately man deal women in the play, yet she is compelled to surrender her masculine touts in the aftermath of her murder. When Orestes prep atomic number 18s to strike his m separate, Clytemnestra elicits an evocation of femininity by exposing her breast to him and pleading, Wait, my son no look on for this, my child? The breast you held, drowsing away the hours / soft gums tugging the milk that made you grow? (The Libation Be atomic number 18rs, 883-885) The image of Orestes tenderly suckling the nourishing milk from his mothers breast temporarily makes Orestes question his own right eousness and signifies the queens devolve to motherhood. Aeschylus accentuates the effeminate effect by contrasting this scene to Clytemnestras callous demand for a man-axe. Furthermore, Clytemnestras breast alludes to the maternity and sensuality associated with the female physical structure. Despite exercising total control in prior levelts, Clytemnestra, in her intimately vulnerable moment, is coerce to reoccupy her feminine region when threatened to pay with her life for Agamemnons death. Clytemnestras masculine power is at last illusory, and for her transgression she is reminded that she is, in essence, a woman.Sophocles reflects a similar sentiment to Aeschylus portrayal of women. Throughout the play, Antigone was firmly balky on end, but her resolve wavers when she confronts death. Walking towards the the tomb w here she pull up stakes perish, she mourns, No conglutination bed, no marriagesong for me / and since no wedding, so no child to rear / I go, without a f riend, struck beat by faith (Antigone, 918-922). Antigones head untouchable demeanor relents to self-pity, and she rues that she will never experience the joyous celebrations and hallmarks of female growth. She will make it husbandless and childless, unfulfilled in her female role, with no family nor friends to bewail her death. The source of her masculinity, her willful act to die in defiance of the law, signifi jackpottly weakens and is replaced with regretful yearning for her natural life. Antigones indifference to death is supplanted by feminine vulnerability and sensitivity. Sophocles portrays done her brief remorse that though she behaved masculinely, she is still emotionally overtaken by her foundation as a woman in the end.The examples cover prior exhibit how Clytemnestra and Antigone react to the impending death. Hereafter, I will discuss the ways Aeschylus and Sophocles portray women when they take personal responsibility for their actions by means of death. Femininity is permanently obligate on Antigone and Clytemnestra in their demise regardless of their deliberate resistance against the social norm.Orestes reinstates Clytemnestras femininity by forcing upon her the prim role of a wife. He drags her to Aegisthus corpse and coldly says,You love your man? Then lie in the similar grave. You can never be unfaithful to the dead (The Libation Beargonrs, 881-882). Criticizing Clytemnestras infidelity in her first relationship, Orestes want to rectify her wrongdoing by coercing her into devotion for her second lover. Orestes demands that Clytemnestra fulfills her role as a wife with Aegisthus, the role that she had neglected with Agamemnon. By slaying Clytemnestra along with her lover, her loyalty will be imperishable and her duty as a wifeeternally etched in death a sour exit for person who has been too keen in escaping their femininity. In this scene, Aeschylus portrays death as the mediator that conclusively resolves Clytemnestras ambiguity of sexual practice in favor of her womanly roles. No matter how much Clytemnestra tries to escape her femininity in life, death is definite the queens downfall perpetually reestablishes her role as a woman.Similarly, Antigone is obligate against her will to be wedded in death. At first glance, Antigones death could be interpreted as masculine she commits felo-de-se as a final act of defiance against Creon, to take away his power by dying through her own hands. Additionally, Antigone dies a virgin, a symbolic rebellion against the conventional female role.Sophocles, however, refutes her masculine decisions by illustrating her as a bride in death, an expressive depiction of femininity. Antigone refers to her cave, O tomb, o marriage bedroom, hollowed out / class that will watch forever, where I go (Antigone, 891-892). The marriage chamber and reside, commonly symbolic of the sphere of secluded life, will never depart from Antigone in death. Antigones death mirrors Clytemnestras demise in her actual home. Neither Antigone nor Clytemnestra can stray away from their obligations to the domestic sphere the holds they die in restore their identities as women.Moreover, Antigones marriage chamber is fully realized when Haemon commits suicide beside her. The messenger describes the debacle, Corpse on corpse, Haemon lies. He found his marriage, its celebration in the halls of Hades. (Antigone. 1240-1241) Powerless to change her image, Antigone assumes the role of a bride in death, and Haemon her groom. The image of Haemon cargonssing and resting against Antigones corpse resembles intimate execution after marriage. Their paired deaths echoes those of Clytemnestra and Aegisthus Antigones malcontent act against the norm is involuntarily transformed into an image of exceptional femininity.In supplement to these portrayals of wifehood, Aeschylus and Sophocles emphasize the same body part to recall their essential femininity. When Antigone is caught in a running noos e / of her own linen veiling, (Antigone, 1221-1222), Sophocles directs the focus particularly on Antigones neck. Aeschylus to a fault establishes an identical focus Orestes confesses in his trial, I drew my sword more, I cut Clytemnestras throat (Eumenides, 598) Attention is centered to the neck for the same evidence as Clytemnestras breast it magnifies the feminine aspects of vulnerability and sensuality. Moreover, the linen noose mirrors the delicate tapestries, the life of the rear (Agamemnon, 946) that Clytemnestra fixed out for her husband to tread on these fabrics symbolize the daintiness of a woman that Agamemnon himself has violated by sacrificing Iphigenia. It is only cruel irony that the same material that created these tapestries is responsible for Antigones death she has literally succumbed to femininity when forced to take personal responsibility for her actions, her masculine acts of disobedience overshadowed by her feminine presentation in death.Clytemnestra and A ntigones rumbustious independence and persistent defiance of the social norm makes them appear strikingly heroic. But in their rebellious aftermath, death arbitrates this dispute in favor of the orthodox women who transgress the territory of gender are forced to reconcile with their womanliness. In Aeschylus and Sophocles vision, masculine women cannot truly escape from their femininity. Ismenes ominous warning, wrong from the start, to chasewhat cannot be, (Antigone, 92) epitomizes the position of women standardised Clytemnestra and Antigone in patriarchal Greek society they are merely pursuing an impossibility.Traditional Malayanananananan domicil OverviewTraditional Malay House OverviewThe tralatitious Malay hold is one of the richest components of Malaysias cultural heritage. The purpose of this exact is to understand and analyze tralatitious buzzword Malay mob being rawized and the set up of juvenile material applied. Though the modernization process transfo rms and changes the materials, it still maintains the caudexal anatomical structure pattern, function, decorative element, and cultural grandeur to its topical anaesthetic context. Literature reviews establish on motley sources regarding the conventional patois Malay kinfolk are referred, as well as interviews of the stick out owner will be conducted. To further enhance the research, the Malay houses in Kampong Bharu, Kuala Lumpur were chosen as the prime example of the modern unwashed Malay house. Malaysia is a tropical climatical country due to its place in the central part of the Southeast Asia. The design of the crown was steep and it was elevated is to cater the monsoon rain season in Malaysia. Due to the warm climate, just about of the Malay houses have voluminous openings on the sides and grilles are permitd at the spicy level gable ends and the expression its raise up are for respiration purposes. There are three major elements of the traditional Malay h ouse, which is transformed into modern context, namely the pileus, wheelow and columns. The vernacular houses attempts to adhere to traditional life style even though it utilize modern construction materials while maintaining, the cultural and traditional design of Malay house. now the use of traditional materials has diminished. Unfortunately, these sustainable qualities of Malay house have transformed. Hence, through the direct thither are advantages and disadvantages using modern construction materials in traditional Malay house. While one exemplifies a cryptic cultural significance, the other is an immediate response to the evolving beleaguerings. It is intriguing that many aspects of architectural styles and its applications were discovered through this content arena research.Case study (Kampung Bharu, Kuala Lumpur)This study is to analyze the modern traditional vernacular Malay house. How is the origin Malay house being transform into modern vernacular houses and w hat is the effect of contemporary materials. The kampong Baru is fixed in the capital city of Malaysia, Kuala lumpur. This is a reserved body politic for the Malay ethnic groups. From the case study will found out the climatic effect of using contemporary materials in the traditional Malay house by the avocation questionsHow is the climate of Malaysia?How did the climatic factors of Malaysia influence the design of the traditional vernacular Malay house?How did the traditional vernacular Malay house being modernization?What are the climatic personal do on the modern vernacular Malay house?IntroductionIn this paper, is to study and analyze the influences of Malaysia climatic factors on the design of the traditional vernacular Malay houses. Basically it is part of the research on the climatic effects on the contemporary construction materials in the traditional vernacular Malay houses in Malaysia. The study is more focused on the adaption of the topical anesthetic climate on the traditional vernacular Malay houses and how the make was transformed into modern vernacular Malay houses through the modernization process also the effects of using modern construction materials in the modern vernacular Malay houses.During the early 20th century, modernization and closure periods the British had brought racial immigrants into Malaya. Then, Malaysia defines as a multiracial country that included Malays, Chinese, Indian and others. During the colonization period, multiracial group is staying separately. The majority staying in countryside mostly is Malays group and the Chinese and Indian were staying in the city. The Malay racial group depends heavily on the environs. Villages can be established even a single traditional Malay house and the additional houses came later. Normally, the buildings that strengthened closely together were usually family members. The most solid characteristics of traditional vernacular Malay house are the adaption natural climatic fact ors in Malaysia.The traditional vernacular Malay houseThe traditional vernacular Malay house defines as a richest component of Malaysia cultural heritage. The buildings build with local materials and local techniques. Mostly, the occupant will participated in the process of design and construct, it is to manifest the aesthetic skills of the Malays.The order planning of the building based largely on Islamic beliefs and its environment. The layout was split into two parts, front and ass yards. Obviously, front part will be the welcoming guest field of force and it is decorated with different types of ornamental plants and flowers. Back yard is the sphere of influence linked to kitchen and washroom and it is placed near peeing, as the kitchen needs intense water usage. The marital status also reflected the architectural style of the building because of the Islamic beliefs.The house form had essential and change over a long period to satisfy most of the cultural, occupants need s and circumstances changes. The traditional Malay houses are bamboo or tone of voice houses raised on stilts (timber). The building mostly is a grade and lintel structure with timber or bamboo circumvents and a thatched gabled go pileus. There are incessantly large openings on the sides of the building to providing good respiration. From a distance the traditional Malay house seems to meld naturally with the environment. The large gabled shape crowns, dominates the low walls and with different orientations and sizes created an interesting visual form. Overall the Malay house is designed to cater the local climatic factors by several(a) ventilation and local materials that are low thermic capacity materials. Besides the well adaption to the environment, the design of the traditional Malay houses are flexile is to cater the needs of user and it evolved a building system called prefabricated. The building has developed a sophisticated addition system that spares the bui lding can be easily extended with the needs of the occupants.There were various traditional Malay house forms can be found in Peninsular Malaysia. Normally, they classified based on the shapes of roof. The basic forms of Malay house are called the bumbung panjang, bumbung lima, bumbung limas and bumbung perak. The most common design of the Malay house form was bumbung panjang that with a simple long gable roof, supported by the main posts. The bumbung panjang is the simplest one of the quaternion roof shapes and it is an oldest identified in Malaysia. The bumbung panjang form became most popularity used on the Malay house among the poorer users and those create the buildings by themselves. Due to the bumbung panjang house form, it is simplicity and become a rattling efficient roof shape for the building. Mostly the material used for the bumbung panjang is attap. Attap is a thatch covered and tied together with nipah and others palm trees that can easily found in the local area. T he simple funnel shape of bumbung panjang roof is a actually efficient in ventilation properties. The roof can cools the house effectively is because of using the ventilation grilles at the ends of the gable called tebarlayar and the ventilation joints to provide better ventilation.Besides the bumbung panjang, the bumbung lima, bumbung limas, and bumbung perak are all not origin tradition roof shapes, it has modified and developed through foreign influence. Furthermore, the bumbung lima Malay house of all time with a hipped roof, the bumbung perak Malay house form always with a gambrel roof and the bumbung limas house always with a pyramidal roof. Hence, they are two type of houses believed that were influenced by Dutch and British architecture during the colonization. eventually the bumbung perak house form also known as the bumbung potongan Belanda which is a type of Dutch roof and it is a famous roof in East Coast.Originally, poses in traditional Malay houses can be uninvolve d into front part and back portion. Therefore, the core house (rumah ibu) or main area moldiness be at the front and the kitchen (Dapur Rumah Tengah) area will be on the back portions of the house. The selang is a closed manner of walking covered by leaves and used to be a linking device for the front and back portions. The selang is providing good ventilation and natural sunlight entering the house. Besides the location of the side entrance to the kitchen, it is also a space for womenfolk to socialize and chat. Most of the traditional Malay houses entrance there will be a covered porch called the anjung that acts as a transition place between the private and public spaces. The anjung will only used to entertain the unfamiliar visitors and it is a favorite space for the users to chat and rest. This floor was approximately 0.5 to 1 standard lower than the rumah ibu floor level. Beside the anjung was a hanging verandah (serambi gantung) where most of the guests will be entertained here and it is a one step down from the main house around 15 centimeters. The openings in the serambi gantung provide good views to outside and allowing natural ventilation entering the place where usually occurred daily activities. At the serambi gantung area can easily observed the embellishments like carving and grill of openings, balustrades and wall panels. Next to serambi gantung was the rumah ibu, which is the core area and it is the largest area and can defined as multi purpose area for most activities were conducted here. The rumah ibu floor level was the highest and cleanliness area white the kitchen (dapur) was the lowest level and untidy area of the house.How is the climate of Malaysia?The main characteristics of traditional Malay vernacular houses are it is well designed to cater the Malaysia climate. From the Malay houses we can notice it is designed with a very good understanding for nature. In the traditional Malay societies, the villagers were directly obtain most of the resources from the natural environment for theirs building materials, food and medicines. To understand better on the influences of local climatic factors on the Malay houses, must first understand the local climate, thermal requirements comfort and the conditions of the environment that the building will build. Malaysia is located in central South-East Asia and has a tropical weather. Due to the latitude and longitude, it gives Malaysia a warm humid equatorial that influenced by monsoonal climate. The monsoon climate here comes twice a year, the first monsoon season comes during the summer season and the other comes during wintertime season. The differences between the two monsoon season are summer season bring lots of rainfalls and winter monsoon does not brings rain and is generally dry. The annual rainfall was averaging 80 inches to 100 inches. Furthermore, the climate here gives unrecorded summer and high humidness throughout the year. The temperature here holds around 24 Celsius to 34 Celsius, which gives warm old age and fairy cool nights. The annual humidity level was averaging about 75% or above. The high humidity climate causes the very high water vapour in the air. It can filter the solar radiotherapy but it also speeded up the rotting, and the growth of algae. The local wind only comes in from northeast and southwestern these two directions. Normally winds are in low variable speed, high variable speed wind will only occur when rain.Hence, the local climatic factors here were high temperatures, humidity and solar beam sickness sickness. ground on the local climatic factors the building built here should able to achieve the thermal comfort. Therefore, rain, floods and strong winds must be control to achieve thermal comfort in Malaysia Malay houses. For thermal comfort, kindle will produce from the human activities and metabolic process. The metabolic process will balance and maintain the body temperature (37celcius). The heat will rele ase during the metabolism process of conversion of good into energy. The heat loss through convection, conduction and radiation can be negligible is due to the local temperature are almost same as the body temperature. Similarly, the perspiration is reduced and the body temperature is decreasing because of the high humidity. The saturated air windbag blocks the evaporation from the human body and it is easily form especially in humid climate. In the building ventilation is important because air flowing can removed the saturated air envelope in order to accelerate evaporation. Similarity, a building without any ventilation, it will increase the temperature and humidity to an uncomfortable conditions.The main sources of body heat gaining are the local climatic factors conduction from the building fabric. Direct solar radiation is the main sources of body heat gaining, thus the proper design of controlling the direct solar radiation entering the building is the most important to achie ve thermal comfort. Besides that, the type of materials used is one of the major sources because the high thermal capacity materials will absorbed heat and emitted to the intragroups buildings. Therefore, heat gain from solar radiation must be minimized and maximized the ventilation in order to achieve the human thermal comfort in the house.How did the climatic factors of Malaysia influence the design of the traditional vernacular Malay house?Obviously, the traditional Malay vernacular house is well local climatic control building and it also influences by the local climatic factors. A local design of Malay house must have the following factors must raised up on stilts (timber), large opening on side, use low thermal capacity building materials (wood,timber,rattan,bamboo), controlling the direct sun radiation, a long thatched steep gable roof by attap , site planning and site layout. From the design of traditional Malay vernacular house, it is a very appropriate design to cater the tropical climate of Malaysia and it is more suitable to the Malaysia climate compared to the modern brick house. The raised up floor in traditional Malay house is maximize the ventilation in the house as well as preventing the monsoonal rain floods. The raised floor is hardly seen in most modern house and the quality of openness in the building is shown by the voids in its window, ventilation grills, the open raised up bottom and the open interiors. There are various features providing effective ventilation in Malay house. The purpose of elevated the floor on stilts is to catch high velocity of winds and the interiors with minimum partitions is to maximize the chase after ventilation occur in the building. Normally, full-length opening and fully adjustable windows or louvers will surround the traditional Malay house. The carved panels on the top of the windows and wooden grilles also an important ventilation device. coffin nail the ventilation, the craving on wooden panels contr olled the glare entering the house and it also representing the Islamic scripts. There are two effective ventilation devices on a simple gable roof. They are the sail-like gable-end (tebar layar) of the roof and the ventilation joints called patah both are very effective ventilation to direct air to ventilate the roof space. The houses in village are randomly arranged and planting the tree wisely around the house to allow natural flow through the building and integrated harmoniously with nature. The Malay house mostly built far apart for future extension to fulfill the needs of occupant. In the traditional Malay house, there are more voids than mass and it is a lightweight construction using natural materials to cater the local climate. The natural materials define as low thermal capacity materials and it is a very good in insulating. The long thatched roof with large overhands in traditional Malay house has reduced the solar radiation and it also designed to reduce direct sunlight . The low walls and large overhangs in Malay house, it make the blend easier and reduced the solar radiation also the glare from he open skies. Besides providing good shading, the large overhangs also gives protection against driving rain. The walls and overhangs have allowed the windows to be open in different situation weather. In addition, the external environment of Malay house mostly covered and shaded with trees or vegetation. This provides a cooler environment and lessened the reflective of glare for the house to set in. Traditionally, most of the Malay houses are oriented to baptistery East-West for religious reasons and reduces direct exposure to heat from direct solar radiation.How did the traditional vernacular Malay house being modernization?Nowadays, most of the traditional vernacular Malay houses are being transforming into modern Malay house throughout the modernization period. The Malay houses were modernized due to the stress from urban redevelopment and sociality changes. The overbold Malay houses has different spatial layout also the used of construction materials and technique. Based on the case studies, the Malay houses in the kampong bharu were transformed the roof, wall, pillar and window. The external environment has also changes is hardly to see high and tall trees only piteous trees are planted there due to the limited space of the compound. The short and small trees also blocked most of the natural airflow passes through the house. Besides the changes of external environment, the interior of Malay houses was transformed into more walls to divide the rooms and spaces. The cross ventilation and natural air transaction were reduced due to the mass partitioning walls inside the house.As I mentioned above, the roof is the most significant feature because the Malay house were categorized based on their roof types. The Malay house in the kampong mostly used bumbung panjang compared than the other 3 types of roof. This is because the ty pe of roof is easier to construct and cheaper. From the site I have found some houses actually using different roof for theirs main and secondary roofs. The most famous combination types of roof in kampong are bumbung perak with bumbung panjang and bumbung panjang with bumbung panjang. The long gable steep roof has become gentler for the sloping degrees and regarding the tebar layar on the gable ends of the roof were modified the design or closed with wall panels. Traditionally, attap or wooden shingles were the main materials of the roof but generally now modern construction materials were often used than the traditional materials. Besides the work shift of roof, the walls and the openings also modified due to introduce of in the altogether architecture during the colonization period. The traditional wall is made by bamboo and the traditional arrangements of wall dining table were all told modified. The close windows on the wall are one of the significant features to show the ch aracteristic of Malay house. The faade of the Malay house can be separated into 3 parts, the carved wooden panels providing better ventilation mostly at the top part above the window, while the window or adjustable louvers always built at the middle and bottom parts. There are some Malay house walls still using the timber board but in the modern construction brick walls are replaced the traditional bamboo or timber board wall is due to the maintenance and long lasting problems. There are 3 main types of windows much(prenominal) as the short window (tingkap), the tall window (jendela) and the punched window. The aesthetic wooden balustrades behind the windows are being used for safety purposes. In origin of window pattern, the jendela and tiangkap window have a key feature to classify the windows pattern called Jenang pintu. Although, the windows in Malay house has the traditional elements but the proportion of the window has modified to slimmer and became closer of the gap between the windows. The western punched field glass window was adopted modern glass louvers to maximizing the ventilation while maintaining the safety of the house.The traditional stilts are no longer in use since pillars are a very important structural to support load from the house. In general, the brick and reinforced concrete pillar were often used, with the increasing of concrete pillar heights spaces of underneath became more efficient. In the modern vernacular Malay house only used concrete pillars and the underneath is usually walled to fulfill the needs of user. The transformation of wooden pillars to concrete pillars is due to the concrete pillars is more suitable for supporting the loads.What are the climatic effects on the modern vernacular Malay house?After brought in the modern construction materials like zinc, cement, brick, glazing and aluminum louvers window into traditional Malay house has modified the traditional house forms and side effects of the high thermal capacity materials. The high thermal capacity materials are not suitable in local climate example like the zinc and asbestos roofs in Malay houses are generated more note during the rains fall and gives a very hot interiors during the day. Besides the climatic effects the used of modern materials also causes the change magnitude of traditional aesthetic skills and techniques of creating the complicated thatched attap roof. Other than used of zinc and asbestos materials, the bricks, cement and concrete are better materials use for creating walls especially the wet area parts and stronger structures for the house. Some of the Malay house has a closed underneath to create the house to double-storey house. Such change has transformed the light and airy Malay house into solid looking building. The full-length wooden window has been replace by the adjustable glass louvers window with aluminum frames. The louvers window has modified the traditional windows into smaller and closed the bottom part of the window. It causes the less efficiency of ventilation. The iron bar in louver window is for safety purpose but it totally destroyed the quality of openness in traditional Malay house.ConclusionThroughout the studies, the traditional vernacular Malay house was design to cater the local climate and it is one of the richest components of Malaysia cultural heritage. Besides the adaption of local climatic factors the houses also reflected the Islamic belief. The houses were developed and modified until it satisfies the user. Based on the research they are various house form in Malaysia, they only can be classified based on the roof types. Overall the traditional Malay house was adapted to the local climate and it is design such as random spatial layout, raised up floor, full-length windows and high-insulated roof. The shading tress and vegetation around the house also helps to cool down the temperature in the house. The orientation of house facing to east and west was influences b y the religions reason and it helps reduced the direct sun light radiation.In the modern vernacular Malay house was transformed and modified to fulfill the needs of occupant but it still maintained the traditional roof shapes. The used of modern materials was directly changed the house form and brought climatic effects into the house. Secondly, introduce of modern materials the lightweight construction Malay house has transformed into more solid looking building and it also causes the diminishing of traditional skills. Overall, the sustainably in modern vernacular Malay house was transformed and also the traditional house forms were changed.